INFO HW
danya.alsinan
1INFO1010ScalesofMeasurement.pptxINFO 1010
DATA MANAGEMENT AND ANALYSIS
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1
General Stat Concepts
Statistics
Descriptive Statistics
Statistical Inferences
Sample vs. Population
Problem:
Data Deluge
Data Quality
1st Step
Determine Scales of Measurement of Variables
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Scales Of Measurement
Scales determine the amount of information in the data
Nominal
Ordinal
Interval
Ratio
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Quantitative vs Categorical
Categorical: Labels or names used to identify an attribute of each element. Can be numeric or nonnumeric
Quantitative: Indicates how much or how many. Always numeric. Can be discrete or continuous.
The statistical analysis that is appropriate depends on whether the data for the variable are categorical or quantitative.
In general, there are more alternatives for statistical analysis when the data are quantitative.
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Scales of Measurement
Categorical
Quantitative
Numeric
Numeric
Non-numeric
Data
Nominal
Ordinal
Nominal
Ordinal
Interval
Ratio
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Statistical Inference
Population
Sample
Statistical inference
Census
Sample survey
- the set of all elements of interest in a
particular study
- a subset of the population
- the process of using data obtained
from a sample to make estimates
and test hypotheses about the
characteristics of a population
- collecting data for the entire population
- collecting data for a sample
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Process of Statistical Inference
1. Population
consists of all tune-
ups. Average cost of
parts is unknown.
2. A sample of 50
engine tune-ups
is examined.
The sample data
provide a sample
average parts cost
of $79 per tune-up.
4. The sample average
is used to estimate the
population average.
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Ethical Guidelines for Statistical Practice
In a statistical study, unethical behavior can take a
variety of forms including:
Improper sampling
Inappropriate analysis of the data
Development of misleading graphs
Use of inappropriate summary statistics
Biased interpretation of the statistical results
You should strive to be fair, thorough, objective, and
neutral as you collect, analyze, and present data.
As a consumer of statistics, you should also be aware
of the possibility of unethical behavior by others.
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Ethical Guidelines for Statistical Practice
The American Statistical Association developed the
report “Ethical Guidelines for Statistical Practice”.
Professionalism
Responsibilities to Funders, Clients, Employers
Responsibilities in Publications and Testimony
Responsibilities to Research Subjects
Responsibilities to Research Team Colleagues
The report contains 67 guidelines organized into
eight topic areas:
Responsibilities to Other Statisticians/Practitioners
Responsibilities Regarding Allegations of Misconduct
Responsibilities of Employers Including Organizations,
Individuals, Attorneys, or Other Clients
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