Research Project
dynamic8823
1ENClassesIn-TextCitationsAPAformat.pptxAPA STYLE
In-Text Citations and Reference Lists
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Presentation Overview
Crediting Sources: What and Why
Formatting In-Text Citations
Formatting Reference Lists
What does it mean to credit sources?
Crediting sources gives an author or resource credit for original information. Crediting sources in your paper includes two parts:
In-Text Citations: When you present information in the body of your paper, you briefly identify its source.
Reference Page: On a separate page at the end of your paper, you write a detailed list of the sources cited in your paper.
The in-text citations and reference list should credit the exact same sources.
Why credit sources?
Acknowledge authors for their ideas
Avoid plagiarism
Increase credibility
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What should you credit?
Any information that you learned from another source including facts, statistics, opinions, theories, and charts.
Credit these sources when you mention their information in any way (quotations, summaries, paraphrases)
EXCEPTION: Information that is common knowledge
Barack Obama is the president of the United States.
The declaration of independence was signed July 4, 1776.
In-Text Citation Format
An in-text citation usually includes the following information:
Author’s last name (no first name or initial)
Publication date (year only—even for electronic sources)
Page number (required for quotations; optional for paraphrases)
The rest of the information about the source appears in the reference list.
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In-Text Citation Format
Author’s name and publication year at end of sentence
People with bipolar disorder often have lower wages, higher unemployment, work absenteeism, reliance on workmen’s compensation, higher rates of divorce, lower levels of educational attainment, and hospitalization (Smith, 2007).
Author’s name in the sentence immediately followed by year
According to Smith (2007), people with bipolar disorder often have lower wages, higher unemployment, work absenteeism, reliance on workmen’s compensation, higher rates of divorce, lower levels of educational attainment, higher arrest rates, and hospitalization.
In-Text Citations with Quotations
If you take the quote directly from the source you must place in quotes.
Author’s name, year, and page number immediately following quotation
“Genres are abstract, socially recognized ways of using language” (Hyland, 2003, p. 21).
Author’s name in the sentence immediately followed by year
Page number immediately following quotation
According to Hyland (2003), “genres are abstract, socially recognized ways of using language” (p. 354).
In-Text Citations
| Basic | Author Name in Sentence | |
| When you summarize or paraphrase a source | (Smith, 2007) | Smith (2007) |
| When you quote a source | (Hyland, 2003, p. 21) | Hyland (2003) “…” (p. 21) |
Let’s Practice!
Author’s last name: Gee
Year of publication: 2005
Page number: 8
Another viewpoint is that the meaning of language is inherently social.
Another viewpoint is that “language has meaning only in and through social practices.”
"The recent theory that language has meaning only in and through social practices” lends support for social learning theories.
Gee believes that the meaning of language is inherently social.
Gee’s theory that “language has meaning only in and through social practices” lends support for social learning theories.
Let’s Practice!
Author’s last name: Gee
Year of publication: 2005
Page number: 8
Another viewpoint is that the meaning of language is inherently social (Gee, 2005).
Another viewpoint is that “language has meaning only in and through social practices.”
The recent theory that “language has meaning only in and through social practices” lends support for social learning theories.
Gee believes that the meaning of language is inherently social.
Gee’s theory that “language has meaning only in and through social practices” lends support for social learning theories.
Let’s Practice!
Author’s last name: Gee
Year of publication: 2005
Page number: 8
Another viewpoint is that the meaning of language is inherently social (Gee, 2005).
Another viewpoint is that “language has meaning only in and through social practices” (Gee, 2005, p. 8).
The recent theory that “language has meaning only in and through social practices” lends support for social learning theories.
Gee believes that the meaning of language is inherently social.
Gee’s theory that “language has meaning only in and through social practices” lends support for social learning theories.
Let’s Practice!
Author’s last name: Gee
Year of publication: 2005
Page number: 8
Another viewpoint is that the meaning of language is inherently social (Gee, 2005).
Another viewpoint is that “language has meaning only in and through social practices” (Gee, 2005, p. 8).
"The recent theory that language has meaning only in and through social practices” (Gee, 2005, p. 8) lends support for social learning theories.
Gee believes that the meaning of language is inherently social.
Gee’s theory that “language has meaning only in and through social practices” lends support for social learning theories.
Let’s Practice!
Author’s last name: Gee
Year of publication: 2005
Page number: 8
Another viewpoint is that the meaning of language is inherently social (Gee, 2005).
Another viewpoint is that “language has meaning only in and through social practices” (Gee, 2005, p. 8).
The recent theory that “language has meaning only in and through social practices” (Gee, 2005, p. 8) lends support for social learning theories.
Gee (2005) believes that the meaning of language is inherently social.
Gee’s theory that “language has meaning only in and through social practices” lends support for social learning theories.
Let’s Practice!
Author’s last name: Gee
Year of publication: 2005
Page number: 8
Another viewpoint is that the meaning of language is inherently social (Gee, 2005).
Another viewpoint is that “language has meaning only in and through social practices” (Gee, 2005, p. 8).
The recent theory that “language has meaning only in and through social practices” (Gee, 2005, p. 8) lends support for social learning theories.
Gee (2005) believes that the meaning of language is inherently social.
Gee’s theory that (2005) “language has meaning only in and through social practices” (p. 8) lends support for social learning theories.
In-Text Citations: Multiple Authors
| Basic | Author Names in Sentence | |
| 2 Authors | (Verhaak & de Haan, 2007) | Verhaak and de Haan (2007) |
| 3-5 Authors | first citation (Zandt, Prior, & Kyrios, 2006) subsequent citations (Zandt et al., 2006) | first citation Zandt, Prior, and Kyrios (2006) subsequent citations Zandt et al. (2006) |
| 6+ Authors | (Storch et al., 2006) | Storch et al. (2006) |
In-Text Citations: Other Variations
| Basic | Author Name(s) in Sentence | |
| Group as Author | (University of Pittsburgh, 2007) | University of Pittsburgh (2007) |
| No Author | (“Study Finds,” 2007) (College Bound Seniors, 2008) | “Study Finds” (2007) College Bound Seniors (2008) |
| No Publication Date | (Basham, n.d.) | Basham (n.d.) |
| Multiple Pages | (Gee, 2005, pp. 8-9) | Gee (2007)…(pp. 8-9) |
| No Page Numbers | (Brown, 2007, para. 6) | Brown (2007)…(para. 6) |
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