History of electricity

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A-T Solutions, Inc. 10304 Spotsylvania Avenue, Suite 200 Fredericksburg, Virginia 22408 (USA)

Website: www.a-tsolutions.com Electricity and Electronics, January 2012

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ISBN: 978-0-9849566-0-9

About the Authors This textbook (eBook) was written by John Connell and Rick Haworth, who are both instructors for A-T Solutions.

Short Biography of John Connell John Connell has more than 25 years experience in the IED and Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) related realm of anti-/counter-terrorism. Mr. Connell joined A-T Solutions in June 2003 after a 20 year career in the US Navy. He retired as a Master Explosive Ordnance Disposal (EOD) Technician specializing in the detection and defeat of IEDs and WMD. Mr. Connell has a long history with A-T Solutions and as one of the founding employees has unrivaled breadth and depth of knowledge of our business operations. As Vice President of Mission Support Services, Mr. Connell manages the day-to-day operations for A-T Solutions’ production and manufacturing functions as well as internal and external global logistics support. He also spearheaded the A-T Solutions Innovation and Relevancy process that is responsible for keeping A-T Solutions products and services aligned with current threats worldwide.

Short Biography of Rick Haworth Rick Haworth is an electronics engineer with over 28 years of experience, beginning at the United Kingdom’s (UK) Atomic Weapons Establishment (AWE), developing security, firing and explosive initiation systems. Mr. Haworth was the electronics lead in the UK development of a nuclear weapon security system which led to him becoming an electronics and disablement advisor to the UK’s Service and Improvised Nuclear Weapons Crisis Response Teams. He spent his last 5 years at AWE supporting counter-terrorist and counter-proliferation operations for specialist military EOD teams and other government departments. Mr. Haworth has trained UK and US special operations teams in advanced electronic firing and security systems defeat techniques, as well as lecturing on improvised devices at international seminars.

Mr. Haworth moved to the US in 2004 as an alien of extraordinary ability, enabling him to become a US citizen in June 2010, and immediately began work as a consultant and trainer in support of the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) Protective Services Division. Mr. Haworth has designed courses for and instructed well over 1,000 federal, military, state and local EOD/Bomb Technicians in IED electronics, micro-controller programming, Radio Frequency/ Remote Controlled IED (RF/RCIED) systems and IED exploitation. Mr. Haworth and has also developed several tools and techniques for specialist EOD operations, including Kukri, Saber, DetSim and A-T Simulator.

This textbook was edited by Wayne G. Shelton, A-T Solutions. Mr. Shelton also designed and developed the computer-based training application, Self-Paced Education on Electronic Devices (SPEED), in which this textbook is bundled.

This textbook and was reviewed, approved and published by Dr. Robert “Bob” Dawkins, Director of Education and Standards, A-T Solutions.

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Contents Chapter 1 - Basic Electrical Theory �� 1

Learning Objectives �� 1 The Atom �� 2 Electromagnetism �� 3 Early Experiments �� 4 Static Electricity �� 5 Electrical Current �� 6 Voltage and Electromotive Force (EMF) �� 8 Voltage Production �� 10 Electrical Circuits �� 12 Resistance �� 15 Basic Electrical Theory: Types of Circuits �� 16 Ohm’s Law �� 20 Ohm’s Law in Series Circuits �� 25 Ohm’s Law in Parallel Circuits �� 26 Ohm’s Law in Series/Parallel Circuits �� 28

Chapter 2 - Electrical and Electronic Components �� 35

Learning Objectives �� 35 Switches�� 35 Mechanical Switch Configurations �� 38 Special Purpose Switches �� 40 Batteries �� 43 Resistors �� 45 Relays�� 48 Capacitors �� 51

Chapter 3 - Solid State Components and Semiconductors �� 55

Learning Objectives �� 55 History �� 55 Semiconductors: The Basics �� 56 Semiconductors: The PN Junction �� 57 Semiconductors: Biasing the PN Junction �� 58 Semiconductor Components �� 59 Silicon Controlled Rectifiers (SCRs) �� 64

Integrated Circuits �� 65 IC Basics �� 66 The 555 IC Timer �� 68 The Operational Amplifier �� 69

Chapter 4 - DTMF and RCIED �� 73

Learning Objectives �� 73 The Electromagnetic Spectrum �� 73 EOD Significant Frequencies �� 76 Modulation �� 77 Types of Modulation �� 77 Digital Modulation Techniques �� 78 Remote Control (RC) Firing System Components �� 79 Types of Devices Used for RCIED Construction�� 80 Dual-Tone Multi-Frequency (DTMF) Signalling �� 84 Electronic Countermeasures �� 86 Factors Affecting ECM �� 87 Considerations �� 88

Chapter 5 - Digital Multimeter Use �� 91

Lesson Objectives �� 91 The Basics �� 91 Voltage Measurements �� 93 Measuring Continuity �� 94 Resistance Measurement �� 94 Current Measurement �� 95

Glossary �� 101

Introduction

The attacks of September 11, 2001 changed the face of modern warfare. Subsequent attacks worldwide - from Bali to London - coupled with the conflicts of Afghanistan and Iraq reveal the hard reality that improvised explosive devices (IEDs) have become our enemy’ s weapon of choice. This weapon ranges in size, construction, and complexity from simple mechanical devices used in Northern Ireland and the Balkans to more complex electronic circuitry used in Afghanistan and Iraq.

From 2007 to 2011, IEDs caused a majority of the America combat casualties in both Iraq and Afghanistan. Even as experts develop countermeasures, the terrorists adapt their tactics, techniques and procedures (TTPs) to deploy and trigger more sophisticated - and deadly - weapons. There is growing concern - and evidence - that some terrorist organizations are seeking chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear weapons. If the terrorists achieve their goals and acquire these weapons, the prevailing presumption is that the firing system will involve sophisticated electronic circuitry.

The purpose of this textbook (e-Book), used in conjunction with the Self-Paced Education on Electronic Devices (SPEED) computer-based training (CBT) application, is to provide first responders with a basic knowledge of electricity and electronics. This knowledge can by first responders to expound on the seriousness and utilization of electricity and electronics as applied to explosive threats and associated IED situations.

This textbook does not supplant the technical training provided to military and civilian law enforcement bomb disposal technicians. However, this textbook does provide essential information all responders and personnel (in general) should become aware of regarding the growing threat and utilization of electronics utilized in the configuration and functioning of IEDs.

This textbook covers the following:

• Chapter 1 is a discussion of basic electricity and the elements that produce or affect it.

• Chapter 2 outlines basic electronic including components used in electrical and electronic components.

• Chapter 3 covers semiconductors and solid state components, the heart of modern electronics.

• Chapter 4 describes various equipment with the ability to transmit an electromagnetic signal and with an associated receiver. Theses devices provide terrorists a means to remotely detonate an improvised explosive device (IED).

• Chapter 5 is a guide on the use of digital multi-meters

Introduction

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