essay
The Revolutions of 1848
1
Why 1848?
19th Century Liberals push for more representative government.
poor harvests in Europe in 1846 and 1847
1848, there was a general economic recession.
The Famine
The Potato is introduced to Ireland in 1600
Irish Population growth:
1780: 4 million
1840: 8 million
1845-48: The Potato Blight
The Famine
The consequences
One million deaths
Starvation
Dysentery
Typhus
Emigration
1.5 million people go abroad
Stereotypes of the Irish in the 19th century
SKIBBEREEN.--In the parish of Kilmoe, fourteen died on Sunday; three of these were buried in coffins, eleven were buried without other covering than the rags they wore when alive. And one gentleman, a good and charitable man, speaking of this case, says--'The distress is so appalling, that we must throw away all feelings of delicacy;' and another says--'I would rather give 1s. to a starving man than 4s. 6d. for a coffin.' One hundred and forty have died in the Skibbereen Workhouse in one month; eight have died in one day! And Mr. M'Carthy Downing states that 'they came into the house merely and solely for the purpose of getting a coffin.' The Rev. Mr. Clancy visits a farm, and there, in one house, 'he administered the last rites of religion to six person.' On a subsequent occasion, he 'prepared for death a father and a daughter lying in the same bed.' Dr. Donovan solemnly assures a public meeting that the people are 'dropping in dozens about them.' Mr. Marmion says that work on the public road is even more destructive than fever; for the unfed wretches have not energy enough to keep their blood in circulation, and they drop down from the united effects of cold and hunger--never to rise again.
From the London Illustrated News, 1847
"The first Sketch is taken on the road, at Cahera, of a famished boy and girl turning up the ground to seek for a potato to appease their hunger. 'Not far from the spot where I made this sketch,' says Mr. Mahoney, 'and less than fifty perches from the high road, is another of the many sepulchres above ground, where six dead bodies had lain for twelve days, without the least chance of interment, owing to their being so far from the town.'"
Louis Philippe’s “Bourgeois Monarchy”
Louis XVIII (1814-1824)
Charles X (1824-1830)
Louis Philippe Reigns 1830-1848
Accepted symbols of a republic
Reality
A Second French Revolution
Liberals meet (advertised as banquets) to criticize King Louis Philippe for ignoring calls for electoral reform
In response, the King forbade further banquets.
How do the crowds of Paris react to Louis Philippe?
Who makes up the two sides?
On February 24, 1848, out of fear Louis Philippe abdicates
What is instituted in the Louis’s vacated position?
A Second French Revolution
Workers demanding relief confront the new liberal government
Late April: Election to replace the provisional government
Warfare followed
June Days
3,000 people die in fighting
Who wins?
Gustave Courbet, Les Casseurs de pierres, 1849-50
A Second French Revolution
Constituent Assembly creates a strong executive
Elect Louis Napoleon (nephew of the Emperor) to throne
What drives his popularity? Why do the people accept him?
Louis Napoleon acts as an economic liberal and an authoritarian dictator
December 2, 1851 seizes power in a military coup
people overwhelmingly approved his actions
becomes Emperor Napoleon III
Austria
Hungarian nationalists attacked Austrian domination of Hungary
National autonomy
Full civil liberties
Universal suffrage
Riots break out in Vienna
Student groups
Workers
Peasants in countryside
Emperor Ferdinand and Metternich flee Vienna
Hapsburg government emancipates serfs
Why? What is the result?
In territory after territory, the Hapsburgs made concessions to the liberals
later, repudiated them after gaining popular peasant support.
Why else does this revolution break down?
Prussia and the Frankfurt Assembly
Prior to 1848 middle-class Prussians sought a liberal constitutional monarchy
News of Louis Philippe’s overthrow inspires Berlin
Prussia and the Frankfurt Parliament
Demonstrations in Berlin put down by the royal army in March 1848
King Frederick William IV promised to call an assembly and draft a constitution and adopt the German nationalist flag
Prussia and the Frankfurt Parliament
Nationalist goals take precedence over labor/socialist agenda
Frankfurt Parliament offers Frederick William a constitutional monarchy,
“crown from the gutter”
Austria forces Prussia to renounce all unification attempts in 1850
Italy
King Charles Albert of Piedmont (a northwestern state in Italy) wants to be constitutional monarch of a united Italy
rebels against Austria but was defeated and made peace.
Uprising in Rome
radicals proclaim a Roman Republic
drive Pope from the city
Charles Albert supports effort but is again defeated and then abdicates
Foreign troops quelled most uprisings.
French troops occupy Rome and restored Pope
1848: A Summary
In 1848, demonstrations and uprisings toppled governments
Liberal, socialist, and nationalist ideals put into practice.
Popular sentiment became important
growing nationalist ideas call for united Germany and Italy
Great Britain and Russia remained untouched
Why?
All the revolutions failed due to ideological confrontations
Divided revolutionaries fall prey to strong conservative alliances