history
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180OL.18-12.ppt
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American Portraits: Phil Sheridan
“The Valley, from Winchester up to Staunton, ninety-two miles, will have little in it for man or beast.”
Gen. Phil Sheridan, USA
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HIST 180 Survey of American History
Benjamin Cawthra, Ph.D.
California State University, Fullerton
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The Civil War and the 1860s
Timeline: The Civil War and the 1860s
Secession and Sumter
A New Birth of Freedom
War and Freedom
The Meaning of Emancipation
Winslow Homer: Images of War
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- Timeline: The Civil War and the 1860s
Abraham Lincoln elected president.
South Carolina secedes from the Union.
Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas secede.
Jefferson Davis becomes president of the Confederate States of America.
CSA fires on Fort Sumter; Civil War begins.
Union disaster at First Battle of Bull Run.
Gen. Ulysses S. Grant wins victories in Tennessee, including costly one at Shiloh.
Gen. George B. McClellan repulsed outside Confederate capitol, Richmond.
Gen. Robert E. Lee invades Maryland; retreats after Battle of Antietam.
Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation takes effect.
Lee’s second invasion of North ends in defeat at Gettysburg.
Grant takes Vicksburg; Union regains control of Mississippi River.
Grant and Lee fight series of battles in Virginia prior to siege of Petersburg.
Gen. William T. Sherman takes Atlanta, marches to the sea.
Lincoln re-elected president.
Sherman continues destructive march through the Carolinas.
Lee surrenders to Grant at Appomattox Court House.
Lincoln assassinated; Andrew Johnson becomes president.
Thirteenth Amendment ratified.
- Secession and Sumter
Mathew Brady, Jefferson Davis, c. 1856
“We have labored to preserve the Government of our fathers in spirit.”
Jefferson Davis, 1861.
Mathew Brady, View of Washington, D.C., 1861.
Lincoln’s First Inaugural, 1861
“In your hands, my dissatisfied fellow-countrymen, and not in mine, is the momentous issue of civil war.”
Abraham Lincoln, 1861
Fort Sumter, c. 1860.
“Mr. President, at this time it is suicide, murder, and will lose us every friend at the North. You will wantonly strike a hornet’s nest which extends from mountain to ocean and legions now quiet will swarm out and sting us to death. It is unnecessary; it puts us in the wrong; it is fatal.”
Robert Toombs to Jefferson Davis, 1861.
Robert Toombs, c. 1861.
Interior of Fort Sumter, 1861
“Our Southern brethren have done grievous wrong. They have rebelled and have attacked their father’s house and their loyal brothers. They must be punished and brought back but this necessity breaks my heart.”
Major Robert Anderson, 1861.
Maj. (Gen.) Robert Anderson, 1861
“Woe to those who began this war if they were not in bitter earnest . . .”
“Not by one word or look can we detect any change in the demeanor of the negro servants. They make no sign. Are they stolidly stupid or wiser than we are, silent and strong, biding their time?”
Mary Chesnut, 1861
Mary Chesnut
2. A New Birth of Freedom
“We all declare for liberty, but in using the same word we do not mean the same thing.”
Abraham Lincoln, 1864.
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Gen. George B. McClellan
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Alexander Gardner, Casualties near Dunker Church, Antietam.
Photograph, 1862. Library of Congress.
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Procession to National Cemetery at Gettysburg, November 1863.
Lincoln on the dais, Gettysburg National Cemetery, November 1863.
“Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent a new nation, conceived in liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal.
Gettysburg, where advance units of the two armies clashed on July 1, 1863.
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“Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation, so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battle-field of that war.
Dead from the first day’s fighting at Gettysburg, 1863.
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“We have come to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this.
Little Round Top, Gettysburg, 1863.
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“But, in a larger sense, we can not dedicate, we can not consecrate, we can not hallow this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract.
The dead in front of a farm house near the Peach Orchard, Gettysburg, 1863.
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“The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced.
Alfred Waud, Offensive of Cemetery Ridge, Gettysburg, 1863. Drawing.
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“It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us—that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion—that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain—that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom—and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.”
Abraham Lincoln, “Dedicatory Remarks,” Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, November 13, 1863.
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3. War and Freedom
Ulysses S. Grant at Brady’s studio, Washington, 1864.
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Winslow Homer, Inviting a Shot Before Petersburg, 1865.
Oil on canvas.
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John Reekie, A Burial Party, Cold Harbor, Virginia, April 1865.
Photograph, from Alexander Gardner, Alexander Gardner’s Photographic Sketch Book of the War, 1866.
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Winslow Homer, Bivouac Fire on the Potomac, 1861,
Engraving. Harper’s Weekly, December 21, 1861.
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Winslow Homer, The Bright Side, 1865.
Oil on canvas.
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“Once let the black man get upon his person the letter, U.S.; let him get an eagle on his button, and a musket on his shoulder and bullets in his pocket, there is no power on earth which can deny that he has earned the right to citizenship.”
Frederick Douglass, 1862
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Thomas Nast, Entrance of the 55th Massachusetts (Colored) Regiment into Charleston, South Carolina, February 21, 1865, 1865.
Pencil, neutral wash, and oil, heightened with white, on board.
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Kurz and Allison, Storming Fort Wagner, 1890.
Chromolithograph.
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Augustus Saint-Gaudens, panel of the Memorial to Robert Gould Shaw and the 54th Massachusetts Regiment, 1897.
Bronze. Boston Common.
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Veterans of the Massachusetts 54th at the unveiling of the Shaw Memorial, 1897.
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African Americans were targets during the New York City draft riots of 1863.
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Eastman Johnson, A Ride for Liberty: The Fugitive Slaves, ca. 1862-63.
Oil on board.
5. The Meaning of Emancipation
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Theodor Kaufman, On to Liberty, 1867.
Oil on canvas.
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6. Winslow Homer: Images of War
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Winslow Homer, Playing Old Soldier, 1863.
Oil on canvas. Museum of Fine Arts, Boston.
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Winslow Homer, The Cotton Pickers, 1876. Oil on canvas.
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Winslow Homer, Near Andersonville, 1866.
Oil on canvas. Newark Museum.
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Winslow Homer, Near Andersonville, 1866. Oil on canvas.
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Winslow Homer, Trooper Meditating beside a Grave, 1865.
Oil on canvas.
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Winslow Homer, The Veteran in a New Field, 1866.
Oil on canvas.
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