history
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180OL.18-10.ppt
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American Portraits: John Wool in Mexico
Unknown, General Wool and Staff, Calle Real to South, 1847.
Daguerreotype.
Benjamin Cawthra, Ph.D.
California State University, Fullerton
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HIST 180 Survey of American History
Unknown, General Wool and Staff, Calle Real to South, 1847.
Daguerreotype.
Benjamin Cawthra, Ph.D.
California State University, Fullerton
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The Nation Expands: The 1840s
Timeline: The Nation Expands: The 1840s
The New Racial Ideology and Expansion
3. Labor and Freedom in the Early Republic
4. Defending Free Labor
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- Timeline: The Nation Expands: The 1840s
1840 Whig William Henry Harrison elected president.
1841 John Tyler becomes president on death of Harrison.
1843 First caravans to Oregon.
Congress rejects Calhoun’s Texas annexation treaty.
Democrat James K. Polk elected president.
Texas enters Union as a slave state. Calhoun
Negotiations to annex New Mexico and California are unsuccessful.
Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass published.
War with Mexico begins.
Gen. Zachary Taylor invades Mexico from north.
Treaty with Britain divides Oregon Country along 49th parallel.
1847 Gen. Winfield Scott captures Mexico City.
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ends war with Mexico.
Seneca Falls Convention for women’s rights held.
Zachary Taylor elected president.
1849 California gold rush. Taylor
2. The New Racial Ideology and Expansion
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The Celebrated Negro Melodies, as Sung by the Virginia Minstrels, 1843.
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Asher B. Durand, Progress, 1855.
Oil on canvas. The Warner Collection.
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Albert Bierstadt, The Rocky Mountains, Lander’s Peak, 1863.
Oil on canvas.
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Richard Caton Woodville, War News from Mexico, 1848.
Oil on canvas.
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Richard Caton Woodville, Old ‘76 and Young ‘48, 1849.
Oil on canvas. Walters Art Gallery, Baltimore
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Emanuel Leutze, Washington Crossing the Delaware, 1851.
Oil on canvas.
Emanuel Leutze, Storming of the Teocalli by Cortez and His Troops, 1848.
Oil on canvas. Wadsworth Atheneum, Hartford.
Emanuel Leutze, Westward the Course of Empire Takes Its Way, 1860.
Oil on canvas.
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John Gast, American Progress, 1872.
Oil on canvas. Autry National Center, Los Angeles.
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Elements of 19th Century Expansion:
1. European Americans needed to take the land of Indians
2. They needed to exploit the cheap labor of minorities—enslaved if they were black—and that system will drive expansion
3. They needed to annex Mexican land (nonwhite) to make the physical expansion possible
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Jose Rafael Aragón, San Acacio and San Isidro Labrador, early nineteenth century.
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Jose Rafael Aragón, Crucifix, early nineteenth century.
Pine, leather, gesso, paints.
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3. Labor and Freedom in the Early Republic
“Freedom is a state of exemption from the power and control of another.”
Noah Webster
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What was wage slavery?
1. Low Wages
2. Factory Work Rules
3. Union Busting
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G.P.A. Healy, Orestes Brownson, 1863.
Oil on canvas.
“[Wages are] a cunning device of the devil for the benefit of tender consciences who would retain all the advantages of the slave system without the expense, trouble, and odium of being slaveholders.”
Orestes Brownson, The Laboring Classes, 1840.
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Robert Owen and his plan for New Harmony, Indiana
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Shaker chair and boxes, mid-19th century.
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"In all social systems one class must do the menial duties. The Negroes are a mudsill race adapted to the purpose.”
James Henry Hammond, 1858.
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4. Defending Free Labor
David Wilmot, D-Pennsylvania
Emanuel Leutze, Westward the Course of Empire Takes Its Way, 1861-62.
Mural.
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“In America, there aren’t any masters, here everyone is a free agent, if you don’t like one place you can go to another for we’re all equal here.”
German miner, California, 1849.
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