My professor suppose me have been watch the movies. It's not allow to use others movie review as references! I am sorry about this. And the sources are too much. I saw almost every paragraph have 2 references. My professor like us write what we think in o
Michelle_Michy
163959553_Final_Research_Guidlines_11.pdf
MIST998/MIST920 Fall 2016
GUIDELINES ON HOW TO WRITE YOUR RESEARCH PAPER 1. Respecting instructions Make sure your essay fulfills the requirements as laid out in the syllabus in terms of:
• Number of words/length. • Deadline. • Way of submission ( hard copy or/and electronically)
Some standard practices are to number your pages, NOT print your essay double-‐sided and use at least 1.5 spacing and a sufficiently big, legible font. Do not forget to give a title to your paper: it can be the research question if it is not too long or a shorter version of it or a classic title. 2. Important points -‐Your paper should be structured and present a coherent argument. A basic structure contains:
o An Introduction: The Introduction serves to introduce what you are writing about: present your research question and emphasize its relevance, clarify any definitions if needed and announce an outline (without spoiling too much, think of it as a teaser). Ideally, it should constitute around 10% of the essay. To sum up, the introduction introduces the topic, presents your main argument and the structure of your essay.
o Body of research paper:
-‐The core of your essay should reflect the structure/arguments announced in the introduction. -‐Develop your argument in a systematic and logical way. Each section depends on its predecessor and provides a bridge to what follows. Each paragraph begins with a lead sentence that introduces the idea that is then supported by the rest of the paragraph. Use connectors as signposts for the reader to show how your arguments/parts of your essay are linked. It is usually better to dedicate one (and only one) argument per paragraph.
-‐ The arguments should be specific, focused and concrete enough. Your claims should be plausible, factually accurate, backed-‐up with references and directly relevant to the argument and the question asked. Do not use vague sentences that are unclear and/or contribute nothing to the argument. Do not take anything for granted and clearly lay out, systematically, the definitions and concepts that allow you to make your claims. Be explicit. Make an effort to address all sides of an argument. Try to make a sophisticated argument by introducing nuances, conditionality, probability and categories, or by focusing on certain mechanisms or processes. -‐Be careful to use quotations wisely and sparingly. Embed quotations in the text and do not forget to provide the full and exact references (with the page). For long quotations, use indention. -‐Proofread your text. Sloppy orthography decreases your credibility. Give priority to an effective writing style. Do not get stuck on syntax and cut to the chase. Do not form long run-‐on sentences that pack in too many arguments. Do not unnecessarily repeat yourself. -‐ Ideally, your argument should be analytical, coherent, complete, logical and systematic. This is usually reflected in the nice flow of the paper. -‐Avoid descriptions/summaries/paraphrases. Your work should be analytical. -‐Take issue with authors, mobilize your critical skills. -‐Length: 80% of the essay approximately.
o Conclusion:
Refer back to the initial question and quickly re-‐state your argument. At this point you should be able to provide an answer to your research question. Do not introduce new ideas/concepts/arguments/examples in the conclusion. The conclusion pulls together the strands of your argument in a sophisticated way so the reader is satisfied that you have treated the subject in a complete fashion. Ideally, represents 10% of the Essay.
Overall, your paper should answer the research question. It should be clear, coherent, logical, well structured and well argued. 3. Referencing The bibliography comes at the end of the paper and should be on a separate page. Make sure your references are complete and correct. List items in alphabetical order. Items should not be numbered/bulleted. You do not need to separate items by type (books, articles, websites). All the works referred to in the paper must be in the bibliography. The Chicago Style, most commonly used, consists of two systems:
1. The "notes and bibliography" system. 2. The "author-‐date" system.
BE CONSISTENT. Make sure you stick to one system.
• "Notes & bibliography system": Books Last Name, First Name.Title in italics. Edition. Place of publication, date of publication. Example: Arendt, Hannah. The Origins of Totalitarianism. 3rd ed. London: George Allen & Unwin, 1967.
• "Notes & bibliography system": Articles
Last Name, First Name."Title of the article in quotation marks." Title of periodical in italics volume,issue number (date of publication): page reference. Example: Kirk, Marc and Rick Larsen."Helping Congress to Understand China." Far Eastern Economic Review 169, no 4 (2006) : 25-‐28.
• "Notes & bibliography system": Footnotes -‐Books: First Name Last Name,Title in italics, p. x or pp. x-‐y. Example: Hedley Bull (ed.), Intervention in World Politics, p. 545. -‐Articles: First Name Last Name, "Title of Article", Title of periodical in italics volume, issue number (date of publication): page reference. Example: Marc Kirk and RickLarsen. "Helping Congress to Understand China." Far Eastern Economic Review 169, no 4 (2006) : 25-‐28.
• Latin Expressions for Footnotes op. cit. : cited previously. Idem. : means same book and same page as footnote before. Ibid. : means same book as the footnote before but different page. et al. (and others) : used after the name of the first author when many.
• The "author-‐date" system: Books Last Name, First Name. Date of publication. Title in italics. Place of publication: Publisher. Example: Gourévitch, Jean-‐Paul. 2006. La France en Afrique: cinq siècles de présence: vérités et mensonges. Paris: Acropole.
• The "author-‐date" system: Articles Last Name, First Name. Date of publication.Title of the article. Title of the periodical in italics volume, number (month or season of publication): page reference. Example: Farr, Vanessa. 2006. Scared half to death: The gendered impacts of prolific small arms. Contemporary Security Policy 27 (April): 45-‐59.
• The "author-‐date" system: Text citations ….end of the sentence (Last name of the author year, page). Example: (Gourévitch 2004)
(Gourévitch 2006, 57)
4. Suggestions of sources
1. Books of course, especially University Presses (Oxford University Press, Harvard University Press, Yale University Press, Palgrave McMillan…)
2. Journals 3. Reports of International Organizations (United Nations and their multiple
agencies, IOM, WFO, WHO, UNDP, UNESCO, UNICEF, World Bank, IMF), Non-‐ Govermental Organizations (Oxfam, World Economic Forum), Research Centers, Think Tanks (check the suggestions of the London School of Economics here: http://www.lse.ac.uk/intranet/CareersAndVacancies/careersService/Employme ntSectors/Economics/EconomicThinkTanks.aspx)
4. Newspapers/Magazines: The Economist, Foreign Affairs, The Atlantic, etc…
