world history journal entry

The Industrial Revolution History 111 – World History since 1500

Spring 2022

Jorge Minella ([email protected])

This Week

 Industrial revolution in 18th century England.  Global processes.

 Local processes.

 Industrial revolution elsewhere, 19th century.

 Next class.  Social consequences.

 Changes in livelihoods globally.

The Industrial Revolution

 Transformation of production.

 From artisan labor to machine-based production.

 Energy is key.

 Started in England in the 1750s.

 But resulted from global process.

 Increased productivity, but also disruptive consequences.

Industry, Enlightenment, and the Atlantic Revolutions

 Late 1700s, early 1800s.

 Enlightenment thought.

 Included free trade and free wage labor.

 Atlantic Revolutions.

 Challenged aristocracy, favored entrepreneurial bourgeoisie.

 Ended colonial trade restrictions.

The Foundations of the Industrial Revolution

The “Industrious Revolution”

 Mid-seventeenth century onwards.

 Increasing production due to…

 Increasing population in Europe and Asia.

 Global trade demands.

 People looking for new production techniques.

 Improved shipping.

Slavery

 Production of agricultural goods and raw materials.  Low cost.

 Overexploitation of slaves facilitated the growth of global trade and production.

 Consumer market for cheap textiles.

 Capital accumulation.

James Hopkinson's Plantation. Planting sweet potatoes. ca. 1862/63

Global and Local Causes

 Global facilitators of the industrial revolution.

 The “industrious revolution” in Asia and Europe.

 Global trade.

 Slavery.

 Why England?

 Coal and Iron reserves.

 Scientific revolution.

 Enlightenment.

 England’s global commercial reach.

Trial and Error

 England’s culture of experimentation.

 Artisans testing methods and mechanical devices to increase productivity.

 Copies of imported Chinese and Indian goods.  Chinese porcelain, big

example.

 Huge breakthrough in the textile sector.

Model of a 1760s spinning jenny, invented in England, one of the key developments in the industrialization of textiles.

Industrialized Textiles

 Increased global textile demand.

 Improved looms and spinning devices in weaver’s homes and small workshops.

 The first factories: many spinning machines installed in one building, connected to an external power source.

 Workers in the factory.

 Major change in production and livelihoods of weavers.

Steam Power and Machinery

 Made cheaper and more efficient in the late eighteenth century.

 To power factory’s machines.

 And later transportation.

 Railroad trains.

 Steamships.

 Interchangeability of parts.

Steam engine.

Industrialization Elsewhere

Industry and Transportation  Railroads.

 Facilitated land transportation of industrial goods and raw materials.

 New livelihoods in the steam powered transport sector.

 Late nineteenth century.  Internal combustion

engine.  Automobile.

Industry and Energy – Second Half of 19th Century

 Electricity.

 Oil.

 Heavy Industry.

 “Second Phase” of the Industrial Revolution.

Deptford Power Generator, London, 1889.

Industrialization in Western Europe - Germany

 Germany unified in 1871.

 After winning war against France.

 Heavy state investment in industrialization.

 Annexed France’s Alsace- Lorraine.  Textile and metallurgical

factories.  Mineral deposits.

Industrialization in the United States

 End of civil war, 1865.

 Vast natural resources.

 Railroad building.

 Massive private investment in industries.

Industrialization in Japan  History of industriousness.

 Merchants, peasants, and samurais involved in the industrialization process.

 Imported, adapted, and improved technology.

 Reaction to U.S. imposition of open ports (1853).

 Industrial and military power.

 Private and state investment.

The Tokyo Koishikawa Arsenal, established in 1871.

Industries Elsewhere

 Latin America – 1870-1914.

 Brazil, Argentina, Mexico, Chile.

 Consumer goods.

 Also Eastern Europe, Ottoman Empire, India.

 Industries but not full industrialization until later in the 20th century.

 Next class: Effects of the industrial revolution.