lab assignment

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13!|"Lab$1:$Earth’s$Geographic$Grid!

9.! Convert(the(following(latitudes(and(longitudes(from(DMS(to(decimal(degrees.(! a.! 20°$58’$33”$N!

b.! 04°$22’$52”$S!

c.! 118°$35’$51”$E!

Think&About&It…Why$Is!This%Important?! This%information%is%helpful%in%understanding%locations%on%both%digital%and%paper%mediums.%Most% paper%maps%use%DMS,%while%most%digital%interfaces%like%Google%Maps%use%decimal%degrees.%!

There%are%many%ways%to%look%up%locations%to%find%their%latitude(and(longitude.(In(the(Pin$It!$box$ below&you&will&find&an&interactive&website&sponsored&by&the&United&States&Geological&Survey& (USGS)&that&provides&a&global&interactive&map&that&can&help&identify&the&latitude&and&longitude& of#a#certain#location.#Use"the"QR"code"or"link"below"to"answer"the"following"questions."(Hint:"all" three%locations%for%this%activity%are%in%California).%Note%that%negative%(!)"latitudes"are"in"the" southern)hemisphere)and)negative)(!)"longitudes"are"in"the"western"hemisphere."For"example,(! 118°$is$the$same$as$118°$W.!

To#convert#decimal#degrees#to#DMS,#multiple#the#decimal#by#60#to#find#the#minutes.#Multiply# the$remaining$decimal$by$60$to$get$the$seconds.$!

Pin$It!$Finding&a&Latitude&and&Longitude! Use$this$interactive$Latitude(and(Longitude(Finder!to#help#complete#the#following#questions.#!

10.!What%are%the%latitude%and%longitude%of%Point%Dume%at%Point%Dume%State%Beach...! a.! ...in$Decimal$Degrees?!

b.! ...in$Degrees,$Minutes,$and$Seconds?"Show"your"work.!

11.!What%are%the%latitude%and%longitude%of%Mt.%Whitney%in%the%Sierra%Nevada?! a.! ...in$Decimal$Degrees?!

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14!|"Lab$1:$Earth’s$Geographic$Grid!

b.! ...in$Degrees,$Minutes,$and$Seconds?$Show$your$work.!

Special(Lines(of(Latitude! There%are%some%special%lines%of%latitude%(Figure%1.6),%which%will"be"discussed"in"another"lab."You" should'memorize'these'special'lines'of'latitude.'And,'notice'that'the'word'“Arctic”'has'two' letter%“c”s%in%it.%Too%many%students%misspell%“Arctic”%as%“Artic”—don’t&let&that&happen&to&you.& (Also&notice,&there&are&two&letter#“c”s#in#the#word#Antarctic).#!

! Figure'1.6:'Special'Lines'of'Latitude.8!

12.!Refer%to%Figure%1.6%to%complete%Table%1.2.%Be%sure%to%include%if%the%latitude%is%north%or% south&of&the&equator.!

Table&1.2:&Special&Lines&of&Latitude! Latitude(Name! Degrees&of&Latitude&!

The$Equator! !

The$Tropic$of$Cancer! !

The$Tropic$of$Capricorn! !

The$Arctic$Circle! !

The$Antarctic$Circle! !

The$North$Pole! !

The$South$Pole! !

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 8!Figure!by#University#of#Minnesota#Libraries#is#licensed#under#CC"BY!NC!SA!

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15!|"Lab$1:$Earth’s$Geographic$Grid!

13.!Using&Figure&1.6&and&Table&1.2,&sketch!and$label$each$of$these$latitudes$on$the$map$ below&(Figure&1.7).&Be&sure&to&include&the&latitude&name&and&degrees&on&your&labels.!

! Figure'1.7:'Robinson'Map'Projection.9!

The$Geographic$Grid! In#this#portion#of#the#lab#you#will#be#applying#previously#learned"content"together"on"a"map."!

14.!Refer%to%Figure%1.8.! a.! Label&the&lines&of&latitude&and&longitude&along&the&edges&of&the&map.&Note&that&

they%are%in%30°%increments.%!

! Figure'1.8:'Global'Robinson'Projection.10!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 9!Figure!by#Bruce&Jones&Design&and&FreeUSandWorldMaps.com!is#licensed#under!CC0#1.0! 10!Figure'by'Jeremy'Patrich'is'licensed'under'CC"BY!NC!SA#4.0!

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16!|"Lab$1:$Earth’s$Geographic$Grid!

b.! What%are%the%coordinates%for%the%location%labeled%A%(in#North#America)?!

c.! What%are%the%coordinates%for%the%location%labeled%B%(in%the%Indian%Ocean)?!

d.! Draw%a%dot%at%20°S,%45°W%and%label%it%with%a%C.%!

e.! Draw%a%dot%at%60°N,%120°E%and%label%it%with%a%D.!

f.! Draw%a%dot%at%45°S,%15°E%and%label%it%with%a%E.!

g.! Draw%a%dot%at%35°N,&120°W&and&label&it&with&a&F.!

h.! Draw%a%dot%at%70°S,%160°E%and%label%it%with%a%G.!

i.! Draw%a%dot%at%10°N,%30°W%and%label%it%with%a%H.!

j.! Use$Figure$1.9$to$calculate$the$total$distance$in$degrees$between$points$A$and$D.$ Then,&refer&to&Table&1.1&to&determine&the&total&distance&in&miles.&Be&sure&to&show& your%work.%!

! Figure'1.9:'Longitude'Diagram'to'Visualize'Degree'Distance'between'Two'Locations$on$the$Same$Latitude.11!!

Part%B.%Earth’s%Time%Zones! Time%on%Earth%can%be%observed%in%two%different%ways:%either%using%the%Sun%or%utilizing%standard% time.&Solar&time!uses$the$noon$sun$angles$to$calculate$the$apparent$solar$time$(like$the$sundial$ shown&in!Figure'1.10).'Standard'time!is#the#time#you#are#most#accustomed#to,#as#it#is#the#local# agreed!upon%time%in%a%region%when%Daylight%Savings%is%not%in%use.%Standard%time%prevents%cities% and$towns$from$being$divided$by$solar$time$zones.$Standard$time$is$best$observed(as(time( zones.'!

The$Earth$rotates$eastward,$in$a$prograde$or$counterclockwise$motion$when$viewed$from$the$ North&Star.&The&result&of&this&rotation&makes&meridians&eastward&of&the&noon&meridian&later&in& time,&while&locations&westward&of&the&noon&meridian%are%earlier%in%time.%Here%is%a%way%to%think% of#it:#as#your#home#rotates#into#the#morning#sunlight,#you#see#the#sun#rise#(in#the#east).#You# then%experience%the%noon#meridian,"when"the"sun"is"at"the"highest"point"of"the"celestial"sky." When%your%home%finally%rotates%out%of%the%sunlight,%you%see%the%sun%set%(in%the%west).%This% means&that&longitudes&east&of&your&location&have&already&experienced&your&present&solar&time,& which%is%why%people%in%Los%Angeles%are%able%to%watch%the%New%York%ball%drop%on%New%Year’s#Eve# 3"hours"before"the"west"coast"experiences"midnight!!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 11!Figure'by'Jeremy'Patrich'is'licensed'under'CC"BY!NC!SA#4.0!

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17!|"Lab$1:$Earth’s$Geographic$Grid!

! Figure'1.10:'Sundial'Photograph.'A'sundial'is'a'device'that'tells'the'time'of'the'day'by'using'the'apparent'position'

of#the#Sun#in#the#sky.12!!

Check&It&Out!&Interactive*Sundial! Visit%this%Sundial!for$an$interactive$presentation$of$how$sundials$work!!

For$this$section$of$the$lab,$you$will$investigate$standard$time$and$solar$time.$Each$mean$solar$ day$is$24$hours,$and$the$Earth$rotates'360°'in'one'day.'This'means'that'each'hour,'the'Earth' rotates'15°'of'longitude.'This'is'the'equivalent'of'1°'of'longitude'every'4'minutes).'To'recap:! �! 360°%rotation%divided%by%24%hours%in%a%day%equals%15°%of%longitude%per%hour.! �! 15°$of$longitude$per$hour%divided%by%60%minutes%equals%0.25%degrees%of%longitude%per%

minute.! �! 0.25%degrees%of%longitude%per%minute%is%equivalent%to%1°%of%longitude%every%4%minutes.!

Pin$It!$Time%and%Earth’s%Rotation! Be#sure#to#remember#that#a#rotation#of#1#degree#of#longitude#is"worth"4"minutes"of"solar"time."!

Figure'1.11'is'a'global'time'zone'map,'which'represents'standard'time.'Note'that'eastward' locations)are)later.)For)example,)when)it)is)1)p.m.)in)Los)Angeles)it)is)4)p.m.)in)New)York) because'New'York'is'three'time'zones'from%Los%Angeles.!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 12!Figure!by#Ines#Zgonc#is#licensed#under#CC"BY!SA#3.0!

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18!|"Lab$1:$Earth’s$Geographic$Grid!

! Figure'1.11:'Time'Zone'Map.13!!

15.!Refer%to%Figure%1.11.%! a.! How$many$time$zones$are$shown$across$the$map?$Use$Your$Critical$Thinking$

Skills:'Why'would'there'be'this'number'of'time'zones?!

b.! Use$Your$Critical$Thinking$Skills:$The$Earth$rotates$15°$per$hour$so$it$would$make$ sense$that$each$time$zone$spans$a$distance$of$15°.$But$the$time$zone$boundaries$ are$not$vertical$lines$representing$exactly$15°$segments$of$the$planet.$Why$do$ you$think$time!zone%boundaries%are%irregular?%Explain%your%response%in%one%to% two$sentences.!

Check&It&Out!&Time%Zones!! Visit%this%interactive%Time%Zone%Map!for$more$information$on$time$zones.!

An#important#variable"related"to"solar"time"is"the"noon#meridian,"which"is"the"meridian"(line"of" longitude)+that+is+experiencing+the+subsolar+point+where+the+Sun+is+at+its+highest+point+in+the+ sky.%Figure%1.12%provides%a%diagram%showing%the%location%of%the%subsolar(point,"which#is#the#

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 13!Figure'by'Waverly'Ray'is'licensed'under'CC"BY!SA#3.0!

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19!|"Lab$1:$Earth’s$Geographic$Grid!

location(where(the(Sun’s(rays(reach(the(surface(of(the(Earth(at(a(90°(angle.(A(90°(angle(is(also( known%as%a%perpendicular%angle.%So,%the%latitude%that%has%the%Sun’s%rays%directly%overhead%is%the% subsolar(point.(

! Figure'1.12:'The'Subsolar'Point.'A"basic"diagram"showing"the"location"of"the"subsolar"point"on"Earth's"surface."The"

angle&between&the&Sun&and&the&local&horizontal&level&is&exactly&90°&at&the&subsolar&point.14!!

Let’s&say&that&you&are&located&at&the&noon&meridian&and&your&friend&is&located&1°"longitude"east" of#your#location.#What#is#the#solar#time#at#your#friend’s#location?#Recall#that#1°#is#worth#four# minutes(of(solar(time.(Also(recall(that(locations(to(the(east(are(later(in(time.(So,(your(friend’s( location(would(be(12:04(p.m.!

16.!What%would%be%the$solar$time$of$someone$1°$longitude$west$of$the$noon$meridian?$ Show%your%work.!

17.!What%would%be%the%solar%time%of%someone%8°%longitude%east%of%the%noon%meridian?%Show% your%work.!

18.!Let’s&take&greater&distances&into&consideration.&Assuming&that&you&lived&along!40°W% longitude,+and+it+was+solar+noon+(subsolar+point),+what+would+be+the+solar+time+at+each+ of#the#following#different#locations#at#the#same#moment#in#time?#(Hint:#first#calculate# the$total$distance$in$degrees,$then$decide$if$the$location$is$either$westward$or$eastward$ of#your#location.#Lastly,#convert#the#degrees#into#minutes#and#hours,#then#solve).#Be#sure#

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 14!Figure'by'Jeremy'Patrich'is'licensed'under'CC"BY!NC!SA#4.0!

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20!|"Lab$1:$Earth’s$Geographic$Grid!

to#use#Figure#1.13#to#help#you#calculate#the#total#distance#in#degrees#and#show#your# work.!

a.! 60°W:!

b.! 55°E:!

c.! 80°W:!

d.! 140°E:!

! Figure'1.13:'Longitude'Diagram'to#Visualize#Degree#Distance#between#Two#Locations#on#the#Same#Latitude.15!!

19.!Assuming(that!you$lived$along$50°E$longitude,$and$it$was$solar$noon$(subsolar$point),$ what%would%be%the%solar%time%at%each%of%the%following%different%locations%at%the%same% moment&in&time?&Be&sure&to&use&Figure&1.14&to&help&you&calculate&the&total&distance&in& degrees&and"show"your"work.!

a.! 60°W:!

b.! 55°E:!

c.! 80°W:!

d.! 140°E:!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 15!Figure'by'Jeremy'Patrich'is'licensed'under&CC"BY!NC!SA#4.0!

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21!|"Lab$1:$Earth’s$Geographic$Grid!

! Figure'1.14:'Longitude'Diagram'to'Visualize'Degree'Distance'between'Two'Locations'on'the'Same'Latitude.16!!

20.!Lastly,(let’s(assume(that(you(are(lost(at(sea(on(an(old(ship.(It(is(possible(to(determine( your%longitude%if#you#know#your#solar#time#and#the#time#and#longitude#of#another# location.)As)an)example,)assume)the)last)port)you)were)in)was)near)Greenwich,)England) (the%Prime%Meridian),%and%you%set%your%pocket%watch%before%departure.%Assuming%that%it% is#solar#noon#at#your%location%on%the%lost%ship,%what%is%your%longitude%if%the%time%at%the% Prime&Meridian&is&the&following?&(Hint:&first&decide&if&your&ship&is&either&westward&or& eastward(of(the(known(location,(then(calculate(the(total(difference(in(time(between(the( two$locations,)lastly)convert)the)time)into)degrees)and)solve).)Be)sure)to)use)Figure)1.15) to#help#you#calculate#the#total#distance#in#degrees#and#show#your#work.!

a.! 3:00$p.m.$at$Prime$Meridian:!

b.! 6:00$p.m.$at$Prime$Meridian:!

c.! 1:00$a.m.$at$Prime$Meridian:!

d.! 2:30%p.m.%at!Prime&Meridian:!

! Figure'1.15:'Longitude'Diagram'to'Visualize'Degree'Distance'between'Two'Locations'on'the'Same'Latitude.11!

21.!In#your#own#words,#explain#the#difference#between#solar#time#and#standard#time#in#one# to#two#sentences.!

Part%C.%The%Public%Land%Survey$! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 16!Figures(by(Jeremy(Patrich(are(licensed(under(CC"BY!NC!SA#4.0!

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22!|"Lab$1:$Earth’s$Geographic$Grid!

Another(way(to(divide(up(regions(is(by(using(the(Public'Land'Survey!(PLS).'The'combination'of'a' topographical+map+and+this+system+can+be+used+to+locate+features+within+a+few+acres+and+is+a+ primary'means'of'subdividing'tracts'of'land'for'sale.'The'organization'of'the'township!section( system&is&based&on&the&definition&of&baselines&and&principal&meridians.&The&position&of&a& baseline(and(meridian(within(a(region(may(or(may(not(coincide(with(latitude(and(longitude.(This( system&is&still&used&today&in&some&variation'in'most'states'except'for'the'original'thirteen' colonies(as(they(predate(this(system.(Although(antiquated,(it(is(still(observed(in(the(urban( designs'of'our'landscapes,'and'is'crucial'for'identifying'large'acreage'parcels'of'land'in' undeveloped)areas.#!

Check&It&Out!&Baselines(and(Meridians! Visit%this%link%of%Baselines(and(Meridians!to#see#a#map#of#Public#Land#Survey#across#the#United# States.!

Townships!are$square$areas$of$6$miles$on$a$side$(36$square$miles),$bordered$on$the$east$and$ west%by%range%lines%and%on%the%north%and%south%by%township%lines.%Each%township%is%subdivided% into%36%sections%of%1%square%mile%(Figure%1.16).!

Sections)are)broken&down&even&smaller&into&quadrants.&These&quadrants&can&be&divided&into& four%parts,%which%results%in%¼%mile%increments,%otherwise%known%as%40%acres.!

Hint:&another&way&to&explain&this&system&would&be&similar&to!explaining)to)someone)where)you) live.&As&an&example,&you&could&be&specific&with&an&address&(quadrants)&or&you&can&provide&the& City%(sections)%or%you%can%provide%the%region%of%the%state%(Township%and%Range).%!

Guided&Practice:&The$Public$Land$Survey! Learn&how$to$understand$township$and$range$with$this%video!from%Professor%Jeremy%Patrich.% (Video'length'is'10:08).!

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23!|"Lab$1:$Earth’s$Geographic$Grid!

! Figure'1.16:'The'Public'Land'Survey.17!!!

Observing*this*three!part%map%below,%it%is%important%to%note%that%you%can%follow%each%letter% across&all&three&parts.&This&is&done&so&cartographers&do&not&have&to&keep&making&new&maps.& Using&the&map&below&(Figure&1.17),&use&the&Public&Land&Survey&to&identify&the&location&of&each& letter.&(Hint:&Letter&J&has&been&completed)for)you)as)an)example).!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 17!Figure'by'Jeremy'Patrich'is'licensed'under'CC"BY!NC!SA#4.0!

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24!|"Lab$1:$Earth’s$Geographic$Grid!

! Figure'1.17:'The'Public'Land'Survey'Activity.18!

Example,)using)J:)))NW)))¼,)of)the)SW)))¼,)Section)#)8))),)Township)T4N))),)Range)R3W)))

22.!A:#############¼,#of#the###########¼,#Section############,#Township###########,#Range"""""""""""!

23.!B:##############¼,#of#the###########¼,#Section############,#Township###########,#Range####!

24.!C:##############¼,#of#the###########¼,#Section############,#Township###########,#Range####!

25.!D:#############¼,#of#the###########¼,#Section############,#Township''''''''''','Range!

Part%D.%Wrap!Up! Consult(with(your(geography(lab(instructor(to(find(out(which(of(the(following(wrap!up#questions# you$should$complete.$Attach$additional$pages$to$answer$the$questions$as$needed.!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 18!Figure'by'Jeremy'Patrich'is'licensed'under'CC"BY!NC!SA#4.0!