Reflection

1. Hi everyone!

Here is the link to my final project film on Water Pollution in Lake Washington and short essay below:  https://vimeo.com/422295003 (Links to an external site.)

 

 

Water Pollution in Lake Washington Final Project

Our world has faced major environmental issues, but water pollution was the topic that piqued my interest the most while finding a topic for this project. Water is the most important resource on earth for all living and non-living beings. Water is needed for almost everything in anyone’s life, whether it’s doing household chores, cooking, farming, industrial activities, entertainment activities, etc. Even if we heavily depend and rely on this resource, it doesn’t account for how humans use it carelessly and not thinking about how it causes water pollution and water scarcity. Ever since I began doing household chores and cooking more frequently, I’ve realized that how a lot of people don’t consider the usefulness of water. I often see my mother drinking water bottles but won’t ever refill her bottle after she’s finished using it or she’ll dump half of the water bottle out, or I’ll see my boyfriend brushing his teeth and he’ll leave the water running while he’s not even using or needing it. Not only is water beneficial to humans, but also to living animals and insects. I have two cats and when their water bowls are running low on water, it makes me wonder what they would do without the resource. They would be extremely dehydrated and probably get sick or die. Those are just a couple of examples that inspired me for this project. Considering the fact that water is a major resource, I feel like some people need to cherish it more. My project has developed over the course of the term because I’ve been taking more accountability for my own actions and trying to be more responsible with water resources. I’ve also been trying to educate and help my family limit their water intake. Some solutions to preserving water that I’ve been incorporating into my daily life are taking shorter showers, turning off the water while brushing your teeth, using a broom to clean driveways, sidewalks, and steps instead of water, and more.

The research that I did for the environmental issue that I selected was mainly all online. Professor Cram helped me narrow down my topic to Water Pollution in Lake Washington and linked me to a website that was very useful for this project. I started my research process off by researching more facts about Lake Washington itself. The King County website had great factual information about the lake and more about the water quality, species composition, and changes to the organisms in the lake. I also found a Youtube video that demonstrates and shows the audience what is found at the bottom of Lake Washington which is great to show the audience. I’m surprised that there are a lot of random items such as old cars, trains, and more at the bottom of Lake Washington. The Youtube video will be great for people to see because it definitely caught me by surprise. I found several websites that show how much pollutants have affected the lake, which I talked about in the video. I think all of the sources that I used for this project were useful, and it helped a lot too since this topic was city-based which made me more familiar with the websites. The only absence and uncertainty that I came across while researching was why the divers who look for these items at the bottom of the lake don’t pull them out and use them for historical reasons. This information might be difficult to find because the researches and divers might just want to keep them there and see if there’s more items like those.

The causes of this environmental issue are industrial waste dumping, accidental oil leakage, burning fossil fuels, leakage from sewer lines, sewage and wastewater, chemical fertilizers and pesticides, animal waste, and urban development. All of these causes are understandable because somehow, they always can and do end up in water streams, causing more water to be polluted. There are complexities in solving this issue because not everyone will be willing to help fix it. Some ways humans can reduce water pollution would be to minimize the use of pesticides, herbicides, and fertilizers (not disposing of these chemicals into sanitary sewers or storm sewer systems – both of them end at the river), not pouring fat, oil, or grease from cooking down the sink (keeping a “fat jar” to collect fat under the sink is a better option), don’t use the toilet as a wastebasket (tissues, wrappers, and other paper goods should be thrown away in the trash), try to avoid using a garbage disposal (compost solid waste items), run the dishwasher or clothes washer when you have a full load (will conserve water and electricity), and lastly, use the minimum amount of detergent when washing clothes or dishes (phosphate free soaps and detergents are better). Not only do these solutions benefit our water systems, but it also helps out humans as well. A lot of people are probably unaware of the ramifications that water pollution leaves for societies. Water pollution harms biodiversity and aquatic ecosystems. The toxic chemicals that are released into bodies of water can affect the color of the water and increase the amount of minerals (also known as eutrophication), which will negatively impact life in water. Thermal pollution is also something that people should keep in mind, which is the rise in temperature of bodies of water and will contribute to global warming and cause harm to water organisms. Not only does water pollution affect the environment, but also human health. People have gotten diseases from drinking or coming in contact with contaminated and dirty water, such as cholera, dysentery, diarrhea, typhoid, and skin infections. Stories about this environmental issue are usually told through the city news, whether it’s a news show or newspaper. My project tells and explains the story differently because I took a humanities-based approach to describe and engage with the issue.

2. A description of your process. What inspired your project?  Why did you select this environmental issue and these environmental humanities approaches?   How did your project develop over the course of the term?  What challenges did you encounter in communicating this issue using qualitative methodologies?   

         First of all, I made a poster of the plastic pollution as my topic insofar as this incident has tremendous reverberations on our quotidian life, especially what we made to give rise to deleterious ramifications. We, human beings, attempt to make our environments grow natural instead of unnatural beauty. Nonetheless, this event is utterly preposterous on the spot with regard to an apothegm “Footprints in the sand show where one has been.”, and the standpoint is to help us and our only one World/Earth.

         Secondly, when I ruminated about my project, I took a little time to process how I was going to showcase my approach and thinking to my audience. In particular, I perused Reflections of an Unrepentant Plastiphobe: Plasticity and the STS Life, “Plastic might be poisoning us while it is also littering our landscapes, filling our landfills, and polluting our oceans. It is not only the plastic entering us that causes me concern; it is also the plastic that we readily discard to the ‘other’ world.” (Robert 2010, p105). It seems to me that this event made our life become nothing but pristine insomuch as plastic is omnipresent all over the corner, and it is inevitable and far from innocuous to our life, notably heterogeneous people are suffering from Plastiphobe as their enemies. From this standpoint, it rather vexes our quotidian life, and it may last forever or even exacerbated in the future. By dint of these plastics that we, human beings, created, converting this world into the other plastic world. In addition, determined by the development of my project, I believe that I am eager to make a graphic way with an eye to depicting and sharing with my audience.

         Last but not least, contingent on the qualitative methodologies, which are comprised of four significant elements as Ethnography, Narrative, Phenomenological, Grounded Theory, and Case Study. As far as I am concerned, I have more confidence about the narrative and Phenomenological on the grounds that this event is entangled with our whole life to the end such as from person to person, community to community, and country to country. By means of narratives, I saw a myriad of negative and diabolic impact on individual life, in comparison with Phenomenological, I watched diverse documentaries and conducted interviews with my families and friends so as to obtain more corporeal evidence. Furthermore, I have a hard time in the communicating part is Grounded Theory in that I intended to utilize primarily documents and interviews to build and connect with theory. Abstruse though it was, it granted me with a variety of beneficial and comprehensible factors in this diverse society how we consider this event, what ways we should implement, and where we can start, and whatnot.

· The background research you did about this topic.Describe the research you did about the environmental issue you selected.   What surprised you?  What sources did you find most useful?  What absences and/or uncertainties did you find in the research (in other words, what information were you unable to find about your topic)?  Why might this information be difficult to find?

         According to the trade association (Links to an external site.) Plastics Europe, “world plastic production grew from some 1.5 million tonnes (about 1.7 million tons) per year in 1950 to an estimated 275 million tonnes (303.1 million tons) by 2010 and 359 million tonnes (nearly 396 million tons) by 2018; between 4.8 million and 12.7 million tonnes (5.3 million and 14 million tons) are discarded into the oceans (Links to an external site.) annually by countries with ocean coastlines” (Moore 2020). It seems to me that plastic waste does accumulate year by year, and it becomes a horrendous phenomenon until today. What is worse, human beings entail being educated by this point that those plastics are not recyclable, and it will end up rivers to oceans in the end. From this viewpoint, we all know that we made, and it will eradicate tons of marine creature and all sorts of species.

         When it comes to an issue, the problem itself is its origin. Hence, when I did research about plastic pollution, the most difficult is that how we use other materials to substitute its highest capacity, to put it differently, we are considerably dependent on its usage, and we cannot have without it. The way I see it is that the plastics can save a lot of cost to companies accompanied by its practical value. Hoping that in future experts can contrive more environmental friendly materials for us and our world. In addition, I do not expect that there can be an instantaneous change on our dependency on it, however, by dint of this path, we will be successful. Human beings need to be sentient of its severity and urgency in our world if we do not even do change slightly from home how we cope with this permanent issue.

 

Your analysis of this environmental issue. How do you understand the cause and/or causes of this environmental issue?  What are some of the complexities in solving it?  How are stories about this environmental issue usually told?  How does your project tell that story differently?

         As far as I am concerned, there are a few causes to bring about this enormous environmental issue. First of all, human beings are selfish to create plastics on account of its profits as to inexpensive cost. Hence, we grow dependent on it all the times, and it will end up calamitous unnatural pulverization to our wellness and the Earth. Secondly, people have a propensity to use single-use plastic, which will contribute to a litany of issues. Lastly, with the increase of population and urban growth, the demand will ascend for its cheaper and readily materials.

         When it comes to solutions, personally, I have a few approaches to abate this problem. Firstly, we can make more materials of glass instead of plastic texture. Not simply does it help our society, it will also be far from deleterious to our health in that we will be in the absence of consuming its probabilities. Take a concrete instance, there are a great number of restaurants using plastic bags and boxes to hold the food, and we can think antithetic ways such as customers can bring their containers to replace the plastic containers, and sellers can have a promotion of discount to attract his or her clients.

         What is more, whilst I was contemplating over my project, my target was to accentuate “We Eat Plastic We Have Thrown”, the distinct conventional story I desire to convey to my audience is that they may be killed by the plastics in the future. It seems to me that the statement is super bombastic, it, however, will come true if we still neglect its significance in our world. We will lose the beautiful oceans, archipelagos, and more terrestrial and marine places.

https://drive.google.com/file/d/1IEikXzIUU4-8TyX2fFD1ElxscKTDc2hx/view?usp=sharing

3. Ozone Layer Depletion

Introduction

The world’s environment has been designed to support the life of all species that are hosted by this wonderful planet. However, there are environmental issues that make the world’s environment a danger to the life that it supports. There are many environmental issues of concern that include the depletion of the Ozone layer, global warming, and deforestation among many others that harm life on earth. Ozone layer depletion is one of the most drastic issues that call for concerns. Various activities by human beings are the main causes of the environmental issues that harm life on the planet. These human activities harm the Ozone layer.

“The ozone layer is a layer in Earth's atmosphere which contains relatively high concentrations of ozone (O3) (Ritchie, 2018). This amazing layer has chemical properties that enable it to absorb between 93-99% of the sun's UV light. The Ultraviolet light from the sun has harmful chemical properties that harm life in the world. This is because of the negative effects it has on life that can get deadly to the extent of causing its extinction. The Ozone layer is very significant to life because it contains over 91% of the earth’s atmosphere. Its location is about 10-50 Kilometers above the earth’s surface. This is the lower portion of the earth’s Stratosphere. Charles Fabry and Henri Buisson well-renowned scientists from France were the first scientists to discover the Ozone layer. “Its properties were explored in detail by the British meteorologist G. M. B. Dobson, who developed a simple spectrophotometer (the Dobson meter) that could be used to measure stratospheric ozone from the ground” (Ritchie, 2018). Since then there are many scientific examinations of the layer that has happened over the many years that have gone by. The examinations that have been conducted by the world’s scientists have enabled humanity to understand the causes of the Ozone layer’s depletion.

The Relationship between the Ozone layer and the Formation of Life on Earth

The Ozone layer has played a very important role in the evolution of life on earth. This is because, without its existence, life on earth could not have evolved to its present state. Life is dependent on the presence of the Ozone layer because its first stage that exists as a single cell has a complete reliance on the presence of oxygen which is part of the Ozone layer. The philosophy behind the existence of the Ozone layer suggests that its presence on the planet has been there for over 3000 million years ago. It is understood among scientists that the multiplication of early forms of plants released oxygen which supports life through the process of photosynthesis. (Ritchie, 2018).It is at this time that the evolution of life in early forms began because of oxygen’s presence in the atmosphere.

The oxygen that was being released by the primitive forms of the plant in the early beginnings of life on the planet piled upon the earth’s atmosphere. Over the many years, as Oxygen piled up in the atmosphere resulting in the formation of the Ozone layer, it has taken its current form being a blanket over the earth. As mentioned earlier in the introduction part of this research paper, the Ozone layer absorbs the UV light and radiations that are in the sun’s high frequency because it filters out the cell-damaging properties of the sun’s radiation. Because of this property, it provided an incredible background that supported the formation of life on earth. (T & Reddy, 2011) .Today, there are various species of different kinds that live on the earth. Other species of life live on the water that is over the earth’s surface. All these species rely upon the Ozone layer for their survival. This is because the Ozone layer acts as a shield to the hazardous properties of the sun. Besides the protection of life from the sun’s radiation, the Ozone layer contains large amounts of Oxygen that supports the life of all kinds on earth.

Properties of the Ozone Layer

The Ozone layer has a shielding layer that absorbs radiations from the sun hence guarding earth’s dwellers against the dangerous UV radiation. Pure ozone is a blue gas with a strong frustrating scent that causes nausea and headache when breathed in. In lesser quantities it smells nice. Ozone gas boils at 161.2K and freezes to violet-black crystals which liquefy at 80.6K. Ozone is denser than air and has a vapor density of 24 conforming to the formula O3. It is more solvable in water as likened to oxygen and is liquefied to a blue color when cooled in melted air. It liquefies freely in acetic acid and turpentine oil.

Ozone Layer Depletion

Global ozone depletion has been happening and worsening for long hence endangering the global habitat and climate. Emissions of chlorofluorocarbons and other destructive gases bring about ozone holes in the stratospheric ozone layer. Ultraviolet radiation is rising hence threatening plants humans and ecosystems (Hossaini & al, 2017).

Causes of Ozone depletion

The world's population has been rapidly increasing hence calling for urban expansion. Humans want more land to accommodate the rising population while undertaking industrial, economic, and agricultural activities concurrently hence accelerating deforestation and consequently habitat destruction. Therefore, the release of deadly gases such as CFCs from the burning of fossil fuels, agriculture, and industrial activities is rising. The stratospheric ozone layer is depleted as the components of the earth’s atmosphere are altered (Bais & al, 2018).

Researchers have found out that the level of global ozone depletion has varied from 3% to 20%. Chemical compounds manufactured in industries account for higher ozone layer depletion.

CFCs are broadly used as cooling agents in refrigeration and air conditioning, dry cleaning reagents, solvents in electronic industries, and manufacture of foam plastics. Due to this, great capacities of CFCs are released to the stratosphere. CFCs have a long life span of between 7 to 15 years in the atmosphere as they do not easily break down. They thus diffuse to the atmosphere and break by solar radiation to bring about chlorine radicals, the molecules produced thus react with ozone hence depleting the ozone layer. CFCs hardly change hence continue reacting with the ozone layer destroying it more. The process takes time. Other gases such as halons, carbon tetrachloride, and methyl bromide deplete the ozone layer in the same way as the CFCs.

Sources of Ozone Depleting Substances

Ozone layer depletion is brought about by photochemical reactions between ozone and ozone-depleting substances. The main ozone-depleting substances are CFCs, halons, methyl bromide, and nitrous oxide. Chlorine comes from CFCs released from industrial activities and biomass burning which accounts for up to 5% of total stratospheric chlorine. Sea salt spray, volcanoes, sewage, and water treatment plants and solid rocket boosters are also a source of chlorine in the atmosphere.

CFCs arrive in the atmosphere through various industrial activities. Halons are widely used in fire extinguishers in computer rooms and military vehicles and that's how it reaches the atmosphere. Methyl chloride reaches the atmosphere courtesy of industrial happenings. Cycling of nitrogen leads to the emission of nitrous oxide to the atmosphere.

Mechanism of Ozone Depletion

Reactions between ozone and ozone-depleting substances are the main causes of ozone depletion. The extensive concentration of ozone-depleting substances alters the natural balance and brings about corrosion of the ozone layer. Ozone-depleting substances in the atmosphere react with ozone to yield molecular oxygen. (Heath, 2017)The compound formed reacts with atomic oxygen to produce UV rays. Ozone-depleting substance reacts with ozone recurrently hence the destruction of the ozone layer goes on.

Effects of Ozone Depletion

The ozone layer safeguards the surface of the earth. The depletion of the ozone layer causes a higher amount of dangerous UV rays to the earth's surface which in turn affects climate, human health, and ecosystems. The ozone layer absorbs UV rays thus preventing it from reaching the earth's surface hence protecting all life forms from overexposure to the sun's harmful rays. Destruction of the ozone layer leaves loopholes for UV rays to reach earth. Exposure to UV rays from the sun causes sunburn, premature aging of the skin, melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer, ocular disorders, and impaired immune system. Malignant melanoma skin cancer is dangerous with a fatality rate of 30%. This is a great loss to human life.

The depletion of the ozone layer also brings about the destruction of a plant's life. Higher UV rays affect growth. UVR damages DNA and other molecules in crops and also suppresses photosynthesis. It leads to color change and thickness of leaves. UV rays also alter the protein content and stunted growth in plants.

The rise in UV rays also affects marine life. Ozone depletion enhances global warming. UVR brought about by ozone damage decreases the population of aquatic ecosystems. The population of phytoplankton which is responsible for the conversion of about 104 billion tons of carbon dioxide into organic materials is reduced. A decrease in population leads to increased carbon dioxide levels which are greenhouse gas and accountable for global warming (Riches & al, 2002).

Also, Ozone depletion affects wood and plastics by higher UV rays concentration. When the materials are used in building kinds of stuff such as roofs, doors, windows, and walls, UV rays destroy them through discoloration hence they become less durable.

Preventive Measure for Ozone Depletion

Stratospheric ozone layer destruction is a threat to humans, plants, and ecosystems. Emissions of ozone-depleting substances will harm the entire world. Careful procedures, therefore, need to be taken to protect the ozone layer. The measures should target at doing away with the production and emission of ozone-depleting actors. Banning the usage of these substances will impact positively as the ozone layer will be protected. Safe alternatives need to be identified so that usage of the depleting substances can be eradicated.

Substitutes for CFCs, which are generally used in refrigeration, air conditioning, and foam plastic productions, include hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) and hydrochlorofluorocarbons(HCFCs) which have hydrogen atoms. The hydrogen atoms make them less stable in the atmosphere hence the time spent in the atmosphere is reduced. HFCs do not have chlorine hence considered the best alternative for CFCs. The downside of HFCs is a high-tech manufacturing process. Costs of producing it are comparatively high as compared to CFCs hence a burden to poor and developing countries.

Halons, which are used in fire extinguishers, can be substituted with carbon dioxide, inert gas mixture, and total flood dry chemical and low or high foam.

Destruction of ozone-depleting substances can also be done to reduce emissions of these gases to the atmosphere. Destruction methods such as thermal incineration, catalytic incineration, wet air oxidation, chemical, and metal scrubbing, and biological and electrical processes are recommended to curb the emission of ozone depletion substances. Thermal incineration however has a drawback of producing environmentally threatening by-products. The plasma arc process and catalytic incineration are environmentally friendly.

Ozone-depleting substance release to the atmosphere can also be prevented by reducing volumes of depleting substances released from factories. Chlorine bleach can also be avoided to avoid the release of chlorine to the atmosphere. Chlorine is not the only way to purify water, it can thus be snubbed for better alternatives. This reduces the emission of chlorine which is endangering the whole world if released to the atmosphere.

Conclusion

The entire world is at the danger of UV rays exposure to the earth's surface due to the depletion of the ozone layer. To curb this threat, preventive measures such as eliminating the use of chlorine, CFCs, halons, methyl bromide, and other ozone-depleting substances should be instant. The continuous release of these gases to the atmosphere only poses a threat to the future generation. If dark holes in the ozone layer keep growing, the ultimate thing is UV rays will reach the surface of the earth. We must defend our ecosystem by avoiding these activities that endanger our own lives and of the species inhabiting it.

Brief Description

Over the years, global ozone depletion has been happening across the world. Each passing day, the situation worsens as emissions of harmful gases to the atmosphere threaten the lives of humans, crops, and ecosystems. Ozone-depleting components such as Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), halons, nitrous oxide, and other destructive substances destroy the stratospheric ozone layer hence causing dark ozone holes which permit ultraviolet rays (URV) to reach the surface of the earth. This project was chosen as it attempts to highlight the negatives of emitting these destructive gases to the atmosphere, briefly discusses the mechanism of ozone layer depletion, and identifies the importance of ozone layer and then recommending the preventive measures to help curb further destruction of the ozone layer.

The project is inspired by the fact that it will focus on the importance of the ozone layer and how to reduce its depletion brought about by the release of CFCs, halons, and nitrous oxide among others. Protective measures on reducing more damage to the ozone layer are identified.

Challenges

The challenges that are likely to be faced while addressing ozone layer depletion includes funding of the probable measures to curb the emission of these gases to the atmosphere, dealing with illegal trade and ensuring that substances that destroy the ozone layer are not diverted to illegal goods, ascertaining control of new chemicals used as alternatives for the dangerous chlorine gases, facilitating a friendly climate for the transition of ozone-depleting substances and the challenge of monitoring the Ozone layer to ensure it is healed as expected.

Background of study

The ozone layer plays an important role in protecting the surface of the earth. Excess ultraviolet rays do not reach the ground level because of this stratospheric ozone layer. This does safeguard the lives of humans, plants, and ecosystems. Overexposure to excessive ultraviolet rays can cause skin cancer and sunburns in humans, stunted growth, and change of color of leaves in plants and alters the food web of aquatic life.

The ozone layer has been depleted over time due to the emission of ozone-depleting substances to the atmosphere. These include CFCs, halons, nitrous acid among others. Demand for land for settlement, farming, and industrial activities have led to deforestation hence the destruction of habitat. Burning of fossil fuel and release of the aforementioned gases alters the chemical composition of the earth's atmosphere hence damage to the ozone layer. This prompted the selection of this project as preventive measures to eradicate ozone layer depletion are extensively discussed. An alternative to replace CFCs such as HFCs which has no chlorine is recommended. The downside of this is the way high manufacturing costs and discouragement to poor and developing countries.

Environmental analysis of Ozone Layer Depletion

The Ozone layer has a shielding layer that absorbs radiations from the sun hence guarding earth’s dwellers against the dangerous UV radiation. Pure ozone is a blue gas with a strong frustrating scent that causes nausea and headache when breathed in. In lesser quantities it smells nice. Chemical compounds manufactured in industries account for higher ozone layer depletion Scientists have found out that the level of global ozone depletion has varied from 3% to 20%. The ozone layer safeguards the surface of the earth. The depletion of the ozone layer causes a higher amount of dangerous UV rays to the earth's surface which in turn affects climate, human health, and ecosystems. Global ozone depletion has been happening and worsening for long hence endangering the global habitat and climate. Emissions of chlorofluorocarbons and other destructive gases bring about ozone holes in the stratospheric ozone layer. Ultraviolet radiation is rising hence threatening plants humans and ecosystems, the release of deadly gases such as CFCs from the burning of fossil fuels, agriculture, and industrial activities is rising. The stratospheric ozone layer is depleted as the components of the earth's atmosphere are altered It absorbs UV rays thus preventing it from reaching the earth's surface hence protecting all life forms from overexposure to sun's harmful rays. Destruction of the ozone layer leaves loopholes for UV rays to reach the earth

UVR brought about by ozone damage decreases the population of aquatic ecosystems. The population of phytoplankton which is responsible for the conversion of about 104 billion tons of carbon dioxide into organic materials is reduced. A decrease in population leads to increased carbon dioxide levels which are greenhouse gas and accountable for global warming (Riches & al, 2002). Exposure to UV rays from the sun causes sunburn, premature aging of the skin, melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer, ocular disorders, and impaired immune system. Malignant melanoma skin cancer is dangerous with a fatality rate of 30%. This is a great loss to human life. The depletion of the ozone layer also brings about the destruction of a plant's life. Higher UV rays affect growth. UVR damages DNA and other molecules in crops and also suppresses photosynthesis. It leads to color change and thickness of leaves

Stratospheric ozone layer destruction is a threat to humans, plants, and ecosystems. Emissions of ozone-depleting substances will harm the entire world. Careful procedures, therefore, need to be taken to protect the ozone layer. Banning the usage of these substances will impact positively as the ozone layer will be protected. Safe alternatives need to be identified so that usage of the depleting substances can be eradicated. Destruction methods such as thermal incineration, catalytic incineration, wet air oxidation, chemical, and metal scrubbing, and biological and electrical processes are recommended to curb the emission of ozone depletion substances. Halons can be substituted with carbon dioxide, inert gas mixture, and total flood dry chemical and low or high foam. Ozone-depleting substance release to the atmosphere can also be prevented by reducing volumes of depleting substances released from factories. Substitutes for CFCs, HFCs do not have chlorine hence considered the best alternative for CFCs. The hydrogen atoms make them less stable in the atmosphere hence the time spent in the atmosphere is reduced the downside of HFCs is a high-tech manufacturing process. Costs of producing it are comparatively high as compared to CFCs hence a burden to poor and developing countries.

References

Bais, A. F., Et Al. (2018). Environmental effects of ozone depletion, UV radiation and interactions with climate change: UNEP Environmental Effects Assessment Pan, 127-177.

Heath, Et Al. (2017). Amendment to the Montreal protocol on substances that deplete the ozone layer (Kigali amendment). International Legal Materials, 561, pp193-205

Hossaini, R., Et Al. (2017). The increasing threat to stratospheric ozone from dichloromethane. Nature Communications, 8(1), pp1-9.

Riches, J., Et Al. (2002). A screening tool for halon alternatives based on the flame ionization detector. Fire Safety Journal, 37(3), pp287-301.

Ritchie, H. (2018). Ozone layer. Our World in Data

T, S., & Reddy, K. K. (2011). Ozone layer depletion and its effects: A review. International Journal of Environmental Science and Development, 30-37. https://doi.org/10.7763/ijesd.2011.v2.93