Geography review

Geog 120-04 Exam 2 ~ Study Guide Spring 2018

Geography of Human Diversity in the U.S. Exam 2 ~ Study Guide

Exam 2 is scheduled for Wednesday, April 11. Use the following review as a guide to the types of questions that

will be on the exam. Please bring a Scantron form #882 to class for the test.

The Geography of Language

 What is a language?

 How many languages are currently in use in the world today?

 What is a dialect?

 How does a pidgin language develop?

 What is the difference between a pidgin language and a creole language?

 What is a lingua franca?

 What are the two hypotheses that explain the diffusion of the Indo-European Language Family?

 What is the difference between relocation diffusion and expansion diffusion?

 What role does religion play in the diffusion of language?

 What is an isogloss?

 What are the major dialects used in North American English?

 How many languages are expected to be viable by the year 2100?

 Which three languages dominate technological innovation?

 How did colonialism affect the diffusion of languages?

 What is a linguistic refuge area?

Race, Ethnicity and Ancestry (Exploring Contemporary Ethnic Geographies)

 Define race. Why is race socially constructed? How is race normally assigned to individuals?

 How does the construction of race differ from the U.S. to Canada? Mexico? South Africa?

 Review your worksheet questions from the video Race: The Power of an Illusion.

 What is the difference between prejudice, discrimination and racism?

 How does race differ from ethnicity? What are the primary markers of ethnicity?

 Why do people change their ethnic identity over time?

 What is ethnogenesis? When does it occur? Why

 Define pan-ethnicity. Why do disparate groups join together in a common identity?

 What is the difference between ethnic re-identification and symbolic ethnicity?

 How does a transnational identity differ from a reactive minority identity?

 What is the difference between an ethnoburb and a heterolocal settlement?

 What is ancestry based on? What is the most common ancestry in the U.S.?

Migration

 Define migration. How does emigration differ from immigration?

Geog 120-04 Exam 2 ~ Study Guide Spring 2018

 Explain the process of streams and counterstreams in voluntary migration. What is an intervening obstacle?

 What are the major types of Push Factors driving people away from their homes?

 What were/are some of the major Pull Factors attracting people to the United States?

 Compare and contrast the three main concepts (Anglo conformity, Melting Pot, and Multiculturalism) of

the Americanization of immigrants.

 Approximately how many migrants came to the U.S. from Europe from 1820-2015? Asia? Latin America?

 Describe each of the following migration theories:

1) Neo-Classical

2) New Economics of Migration

3) Dual Market

4) World Systems

 What is “chain migration”? How does Network Theory and Institutional Theory explain this type of

migration?

 What are the three types of involuntary migration described in lecture?

Creating Contemporary Ethnic Geographies – A Review of Immigration Law

 How did territorial expansion of the U.S. affect immigration during the 19 th

century?

 Which major immigrant group was first to be stigmatized as the “Others”?

 Which group of “Others” prompted restrictive immigration legislation in the 1880s?

 How did World War II and the Civil Rights Era stimulate immigration reform?

 What were the important points of the following immigration acts:

1. Immigration Acts of 1875, 1891, 1903, 1907, and 1917

2. Emergency Quota Act of 1921

3. National Origins Act of 1924 and 1929

4. Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952

5. Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965

6. Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986

7. Immigration Act of 1990

8. Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996

 Which immigration act serves as the foundation for current immigration law?

 How have refugees been treated differently than immigrants? When did Congress pass legislation to deal

with refugees on a long term basis?

New Ethnic Landscapes

 What are the four types of urban ethnic landscapes identified in lecture? Explain the significance of each.

 How is the Latino landscape evident if Poughkeepsie? Why has it become manifest in this manner?

 How did the San Francisco Chinatown change when it was rebuilt after the 1906 earthquake?

 What was the “Harlem Renaissance”? When did it begin and how long did it last?

 What kind of housing is available in the Mission District? How is ethnic identity displayed in this

community?

 Trace the evolution of the Lower East Side over time as it became the East Village.

 What role have community gardens played in protecting the ethnic community of Loisaida? What is a

casita?