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Choose a post of a classmate who selected a different type of diabetes than you did. Provide recommendations for alternative drug treatments and patient education strategies for treatment and management.

Post:

According to Huether and McCance (2012), type two diabetes is associated with genes that code for beta cell mass, beta cell function which is to sense blood glucose level, synthesis of insulin and secretion of insulin. It is also associated with the proinsulin, and insulin molecular structure, insulin receptors, hepatic synthesis of glucose, glucagon synthesis and cellular responsiveness. It is as a result of a combination of genetic and environmental factor such as obesity. When cell become resistance to insulin more glucose circulate in the blood system leading to type two diabetes.

The short-term impact of type II diabetes is an inability to deal with blood glucose spikes, leading to symptoms like dizziness, increased thirst/urination and fatigue/irritability. The long term impact can lead to liver, kidney or heart disease. Treatment of type 2 diabetes involves keeping a healthy weight, eating right, and exercising. Some people need medication, too. Treatments include weight loss, healthy eating, regular exercise, blood sugar and, if needed, diabetes medication or insulin. Blood sugar monitoring is typically part of the treatment for Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes.Your doctor might do an AIC test a few times a year to see how well you’ve been controlling your blood.

Type II diabetes is commonly treated with a drug called metformin, a type of biguanide. While the exact mechanism of action is unknown, the drug decreases sugar production in the liver and increases insulin sensitivity in muscle cells. Metformin, if not contraindicated and if tolerated, is the preferred initial pharmacologic agent for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. A Long-term use of metformin may be associated with biochemical vitamin B12 deficiency, and periodic measurement of vitamin B12 levels should be considered in metformin-treated patients, especially in those with anemia or peripheral neuropathy.

Metformin may be safely used in patients with estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) as low as 30 mL/min/ 1.73 m2 , and the FDA recently revised the label for metformin to reflect its safety in patients with eGFR $30 mL/ min/1.73 m2 (34). Patients should be advised to stop the medication in cases of nausea, vomiting, or dehydration.

This medication is usually administered through the oral route (by mouth) and should be taken with meals to reduce stomach/bowel side effects. Metformin is usually started at 500 mg twice a day or 850 mg once a day. Individuals being treated for type II diabetes should restrict their diets by avoiding processed sugars, watching their glucose intake, avoiding saturated and trans fatty acids, and consuming small amounts of calories at a time. Taking metformin can also lead to side effects like physical weakness, diarrhea, flatulence and muscle pain or long-term impact of lactic acidosis.

Metformin has been shown to lower the risk of cardiovascular events like heart attack and help reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes complications like poor vision, impaired kidney function, and chronic nerve pain. These issues can appear after years of untreated diabetes, but metformin can help slow or prevent them.

Reference:

American Diabetes Association. (2019). Statistics about diabetes. Retrieved from http://diabetes.org/diabetes-basics/statistics/

Huether, S. E., & McCance, K. L. (2012). Understanding pathophysiology (Laureate customed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby.

Web med/diabetes/guide. ( 2019) Retrieved from https://www.webmd.com/diabetes/guide/types-of-diabetes-mellitus.