Scholarly Research Paper

Annotated Bibliography

Xinyue Liu 4/16/21 KIN 169

Topic: Are Body Image Issues and Media Exposures Affect Girl Adolescents' Eating disorder? Title: Are Body Image Issues and Media Exposures Affect Girl Adolescents' Eating disorder?

References Irving, L. M., DuPen, J., & Berel, S. (1998). A media literacy program for high school females. Eating Disorders: The Journal of Treatment & Prevention, 6(2), 119–132. https://doi.org/10.1080/10640269808251248

Teach girls and women to become more active and become important consumers of appearance-related media, which may help prevent the internalization of social beauty standards, the development of dissatisfaction with the body, and ultimately the development of eating habits disorder.

In this study, 24 female high school sophomores participated in a peer-managed media literacy program and completed a test to assess critical thinking about media and physical satisfaction. Participants watched and discussed excerpts from Jean Kilbourne's film "Slim Hope: Advertising and Obsession with Things", and then they were taught skills to challenge internally and underestimate the challenge to the media. This includes responding to the media externally by asking key questions about the media and taking positive action. Compared with the 17 second-year female high school students who did not participate in the program, the female students who participated in the media literacy program have a lower degree of internalization of inner beauty, and the media image is unrealistic. There was no difference in the measure of physical satisfaction in this group. The results show that adolescent women can be educated to think more about the media.

Morris, A. M., & Katzman, D. K. (2003). The impact of the media on eating disorders in children and adolescents. Paediatrics & child health, 8(5), 287–289. https://doi.org/10.1093/pch/8.5.287

Epidemiological studies have shown that in the past 50 years, the incidence of adolescent eating disorders has increased. The reported prevalence of anorexia nervosa among girls aged 15 to 19 was 0.48%. About 1% to 5% of girls meet the criteria for bulimia nervosa. Nowadays, teenagers are more likely than ever to worry about their weight, shape, size, and body image and thus diet to lose weight. Little is known about how these concerns about body image and weight arise. These behaviors are considered to be possible risk factors for the development of eating

disorders. Many researchers believe that the media may play a central role in causing and exacerbating human dissatisfaction, and therefore may be part of the reason for the rising prevalence of eating disorders.

The authors reviewed some of the evidence regarding the influence of the media on the development of an adolescent’s self-perception, body image, weight concerns and weight control practices. In addition, we examine how media content might be attended to and positively incorporated into the lives of children and adolescents.

They concluded that although the media may cause weight loss and physical discomfort in children and adolescents, we cannot ignore the fact that the media can also be used as an important tool for health promotion and prevention strategies. Longitudinal research is needed, especially for children and adolescents, to learn more about how to incorporate media content, interpret and incorporate information about the healthy development of our children and adolescents.

Stice, E., & Bearman, S. K. (2001). Body-image and eating disturbances prospectively predict increases in depressive symptoms in adolescent girls: a growth curve analysis. Developmental psychology, 37(5), 597–607. https://doi.org/10.1037//0012-1649.37.5.597

In this study, the authors tested whether body image and eating disorders could partly explain the increase in depression in adolescent girls. The initial stress will become thinner, idealized internalization, physical dissatisfaction, dieting and binge eating symptoms, rather than weight, herald the secondary depressive symptoms, and the increase of these risk factors throughout the study. Prospective support is also provided for each hypothetical mediating relationship that links these risk factors with increased depressive symptoms. When other identified gender-nonspecific risk factors for depression (social support and mood) were statistically controlled, the effect was still significant. The results of the study support the argument that body image and eating disorders exceed gender-nonspecific risk factors and contribute to an increase in depression in adolescent girls.

Terhoeven, V., Nikendei, C., Bärnighausen, T., Bountogo, M., Friederich, H.‐C., Ouermi, L., Sié, A. and Harling, G. (2020) Eating disorders, body image and media exposure among adolescent girls in rural Burkina Faso. Trop Med Int Health, 25: 132-141. https://doi.org/10.1111/tmi.13340

With increasing exposure to the media and high-resource culture, in a limited resource environment, young women's physical dissatisfaction and eating disorders may increase. The authors studied the prevalence and predictors of eating disorders(ED) among adolescent girls in rural areas in northwestern Burkina Faso.

Field staff interviewed 696 female adolescents aged 12-20 in the Nouna Health and Population Surveillance System. Use structured clinical interview DSM-5 (SCID-5) to assess eating disorders, use Thompson and Gray's Contour Map Rating Scale (CDRS) to measure

self-perceived appearance and ideal physical condition, and pass the Eating Disorder Questionnaire(EDE‐Q) to predict the index of eating disorders. And they evaluated the exposure rate of magazines, radio, television and media on the Internet.

The results showed that 16% of the respondents’ BMI was below the 5th percentile of WHO’s age standardization, while 4% were above the 85th percentile; most of the respondents wanted to be bigger. Of the 696 respondents, 4 (0.6%) met the DSM-5 criteria for anorexia nervosa (AN), the criteria for bulimia nervosa were not met, and 2 (0.3%) for binge eating disorder Meet the DSM-5 standard. In multivariate regression, more AN symptoms were associated with greater EDE-Q physical dissatisfaction, the need for a thinner body, and a history of sexual harassment or sexual assault, but not related to media exposure. Expected body thinning is associated with greater media exposure, higher BMI z-scores, and greater EDE-Q eating disorders.

They concluded that ED rarely occurs in rural female adolescents in Burkina Faso, but in resource-rich areas, factors predicting ED can also predict the precursor symptoms of ED here. Our findings indicate that increased media exposure in a resource-limited environment may lead to increased physical dissatisfaction and may lead to an increase in the prevalence of ED in the future.

Yael Latzer, Zohar Spivak-Lavi & Ruth Katz (2015) Disordered eating and media exposure among adolescent girls: the role of parental involvement and sense of empowerment. International Journal of Adolescence and Youth, 20:3, 375-391, DOI: 10.1080/02673843.2015.1014925

The purpose of this study is to explore the relationship between female eating disorders (DEP), media exposure and empowerment. In addition, its purpose is to investigate the level of parental involvement in relation to the daughter’s sense of empowerment. Method: Participants were 248 girls aged 12-19.

The authors completed a self-report questionnaire and assessed demographic data, DEP, body image, media exposure, empowerment awareness, and types of parental involvement. Results: The main results indicate that higher DEP and poorer body images are significantly associated with higher media exposure, especially for Facebook and YouTube. In addition, girls’ low abilities are related to higher DEP and lower parental involvement.

The results of the study highlighted the harmful effects of social media on DEP, emphasized the importance of parental rearing styles in enhancing the rights of young people, and emphasized the need for parents to participate in prevention programs.