Assignment

Selective cutting is now seen as the best way to manage a forest.  State one economic reason and one ecological reason to use this type of forest management.

Why is it advantageous to support the practice of paying landowners, particularly indigenous people, to manage their forests well instead of cutting them down for grazing or other agriculture?  Provide three specific reasons.

Together, forests and grasslands compose what percentage of terrestrial biomes?    

Multiple Choice

· 25%

· 40%

· 60%

· 75%

The causes of deforestation include the following factors, EXCEPT

Multiple Choice

· agriculture.

· building roads.

· logging.

· indigenous people.

· shifting cultivation.

Since tropical forests typically have only a few commercially valuable trees per acre, logging operations

Multiple Choice

· are usually not successful.

· do extensive damage because of road building and injury to surrounding trees.

· generally do not encourage conversion of the forest to farmland.

· usually do little damage to the trees that are left.

· Tropical forests typically have many more than a few commercially valuable trees per acre.

Which forest harvest method would leave the forest as close to a natural old growth forest as possible?

Multiple Choice

· clearcutting

· monoculture harvest

· selective harvest

· strip cutting

· shelterwood harvest

Although most of the world's forests are shrinking, biologists are especially concerned about tropical forest loss because

Multiple Choice

· they contain such high biodiversity.

· tropical trees are the biggest trees in the world.

· they contain irreplaceable wood resources.

· there are fewer remaining tropical forests than any other forest type.

· All of these are reasons that biologists are especially concerned about tropical forest loss.

Which nation listed below has the highest deforestation rate?

Multiple Choice

· Brazil

· Canada

· Japan

· India

· Russia

Worldwide, the largest use for wood is for

Multiple Choice

· construction materials.

· fuel for heating and cooking.

· furniture and households goods.

· paper pulp.

Which statement about REDD programs is INCORRECT?

Multiple Choice

· The rights of indigenous peoples are considered in developing these programs.

· They allow local groups to use products coming from the forest.

· They are funded by the US govenment.

· They make use of the knowledge of local inhbitants of the forest.

· They support the preservation of forests.

Which of these is part of the definition of an old-growth forest?

Multiple Choice

· the forest community is very old

· the forest is relatively undisturbed so trees can complete their life cycle

· the forest has never been disturbed

· trees are very large

· trees are very old

Which of the following statements about forest management is FALSE?

Multiple Choice

· Controlled/Prescribed burns are important to maintain the health of a forest.

· Fire suppression makes major fires less likely.

· Many ecosystems are fire-adapted and periodic burning allows new seeds to grow.

· Selective logging can remove trees that might lead to future forest fires.

The first symptom of range overgrazing is usually

Multiple Choice

· gullying.

· the absence of trees.

· the compaction of soils.

· desertification.

· the disappearance of palatable herbs.

In general, the global range of world deserts are

Multiple Choice

· decreasing as world climate becomes wetter.

· increasing because of the increase in global carbon dioxide.

· increasing because of logging and grazing.

· decreasing because of massive reforestation.

· about the same in area but have many threatened species of plants.

Most public rangelands are in poor condition due to

Multiple Choice

· excessive populations of wild ungulates.

· excessive urban settlement in the West.

· overcrowding of private livestock.

· too many publicly owned animals on public lands.

· the lack of water.

Grazing permits bring the government ________________ than it costs the government to administer this program.

Multiple Choice

· about the same

· far less

· far more

Why are wild species attractive to ranchers?

Multiple Choice

· They are smaller.

· They can forage more efficiently.

· They form denser herds.

· Their population sizes can grow more quickly.

· They reproduce faster.

A more sustainable form of managing grasslands is

Multiple Choice

· corridor development.

· maintenance of edge habitat.

· maintenance of core habitat.

· rotational grazing.

· swidden agriculture.

National parks are an important part of our heritage,

Multiple Choice

· and they remain pristine and undisturbed because of their park status.

· but they lack any protection from mining, logging, and grazing.

· but they are endangered by overcrowding, pollution, and in some places, mining.

· but unfortunately exist only in remote inaccessible areas.

· but they are endangered by overcrowding.

Monetary inputs to local economies due to the presence of parks and reserves is 

Multiple Choice

· ecotourism.

· the Man and the Biosphere concept.

· hotspot management.

· a form of REDD.

· causing the destruction of the parks and preserves through overuse.

The IUCN (World Conservation Union) world conservation strategy is directed at protecting

Multiple Choice

· endangered species.

· ecosystems and biodiversity.

· resources from human use.

· wildlife from poaching.

· world climate stability.

A major limiting factor to success of parks and reserves in developing nations would be

Multiple Choice

· a lack of biodiversity in those countries.

· a lack of area suitable to set aside as a park or reserve.

· the lack of scientific data to manage the parks and reserves.

· the lack of money and infrastructure to manage the parks and preserves.

· a lack of interest in the development of parks and preserves.

An increased number of cowbirds (a species that likes areas where grassland and forests meet) would be an indicator of

Multiple Choice

· overharvest of timber.

· overgrazing of grasslands.

· increased edge habitat.

· decreased biodiversity.

· lack of proper habitat management.

Which statement about marine reserves is FALSE?

Multiple Choice

· Coral reefs are important ecosystems to preserve because of their high biodiversity.

· In order for fish populations to rise, fishing must be forbidden year-round in a reserve.

· Reserves have more organisms living in their habitats than in similar, adjacent habitats.

· The size of the reserve depends on the species the reserve wishes to protect.

Of the categories of protected areas, which one allows the LEAST human impact?

Multiple Choice

· cultural landscapes and recreation areas

· natural monuments

· national parks

· wilderness areas

· wildlife management areas

Considering the general relationship that the amount of land protected is an inverse relationship to the amount of that biome converted for human use, which of the following biome types likely has the least amount of area protected?

Multiple Choice

· temperate grasslands

· flooded grasslands

· montane scrublands

· boreal forest

· tundra

For the following statement, select all choices that make the statement true.

Human disturbance affects the size and stability of preserves. In comparing two square shaped tracts of land, one a 100 km2 forest preserve and the other a 10 km2 isolated island of forest that has been separated from the preserve by human development, the isolated island of habitat

Check All That Apply

· has more core habitat and less edge.

· has more core habitat and less edge.

· has more edge and less core habitat.

· has more edge and less core habitat.

· supports fewer species.

· supports fewer species.

· supports more species.

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