Introducton to American History
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1104_AmericanHistoryComb_9e_26.pptxChapter 26: World War Two
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Introduction to American History Combined
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Learning Objectives
Trace the road to war.
Discuss Japanese ambitions in Asia and the reasons for Japanese expansion.
Describe the rise of the Axis powers in Europe.
Discuss American isolationism and neutrality.
Discuss FDR’s options in the aftermath of the outbreak of war in Europe.
Discuss the saving grace at Pearl Harbor and why the Japanese neither launched a second attack nor searched for American aircraft carriers.
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Learning Objectives (Continued)
Discuss the military strategy that led to an Axis defeat.
Discuss the economic home front during WWII. What roles did women play?
Discuss the Holocaust. Why didn’t FDR bomb the death camps? Why did Eisenhower demand media coverage?
Discuss the reasons for using nuclear weapons against Japan.
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26.1a Breakdown of the Security System
1931: Japanese invaded Manchuria.
Stimson’s Non-recognition Doctrine: The US and League of Nations would not recognize nations created by force.
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26.1b Growing Dangers in Europe
Germany increasingly became unstable.
Nazi party had strong support among veterans, patriots, labor, the military, and nationalists.
Nazis won large number of seats in 1932 election.
Hitler became Chancellor in 1933.
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26.1c Mein Kampf
Hitler’s political philosophy as outlined in Mein Kampf
Germany was not defeated in WWI—it had insufficient food and fuel supplies.
Germany was sold out by Jewish traitors (Dolchstross Myth).
Germany was the master race, but not united.
Germany must annex all German areas (Anschluss).
Germany must annex area for living space (Lebensraum).
Germany must take wheat fields of Eastern Europe for its self-sufficiency in food.
Germany must take oil fields of the Caucasus for self-sufficiency in fuel.
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26.1d Isolation and Neutrality
Republican Nationalists favored isolationism.
1933: Good Neighbor Policy for Latin America
The US denounced, at Montevideo, the intervention into the affairs of other nations.
Neutrality Act of 1935
No arms or ammunition were to be exported to nations at war.
Americans could not travel on ships of belligerents.
1937: Neutrality Act
“Cash and carry” provision were added.
Belligerents could buy munitions for cash and take them on their own ships.
Spanish Civil War (1936-1939): The US remained neutral.
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26.1e Rise of the Axis
1936: Germany, Italy, and Japan signed an anticommunist pact: Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis.
England and France had not kept up with Germany.
1937: Japan attacked six more Chinese provinces.
1937: FDR advocated “quarantine” of aggressors, and Congress still supported isolationism.
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26.1f Panay Incident
Panay Incident: Japanese bombed an American ship in China, but apologized and made reparations.
This led to a “moral embargo” against Japan.
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26.1g Anschluss and Lebensraum
Anschluss involved the annexation of German-speaking areas.
Hitler sent troops into the Rhineland.
In 1938, Germany annexed Austria.
September 1938: German control gained control of Sudentenland through the Munich Pact.
Hitler promised no more territorial ambition.
Churchill denounced the pact as appeasement.
Summer 1939: Hitler made demands on Poland.
Britain and France said they would support Poland.
Aug 23: Nazi-Soviet Pact signed with non-aggression promised, and Soviets gained right to control eastern Poland and Baltic states.
Sept. 1: Germans invaded Poland.
Sept. 3: Britain and France declared war.
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26.1h Blitzkrieg
Blitzkrieg meant “lightning war.”
Rapid advances accompanied by massive air support.
Blitzkrieg was first unleashed on Poland.
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26.2 The American Quandary
Invasion of Poland forced the US to debate intervention.
The public opposed the “Phony War,” but FDR favored aid to France and England.
A 1940 poll showed that 60 percent favored aid to England and France.
British army was saved by a civilian flotilla from Dunkirk in 1940.
The “No Transfer Resolution” stated that colonies owned by fallen countries would not be transferred to the conquering powers.
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26.2a Battle for Britain
August 1940: Germany began air attacks against Great Britain.
Germans bombed British cities and residential areas.
British minimized the civilian deaths through the use of bomb shelters.
British kept morale high by exaggerating “kills” of German planes.
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26.2b A Year of Decision
The growing German threat forced a decision regarding involvement in the war.
Wendell Willkie, Republican businessman, led the ticket and sympathized with FDR’s foreign policy.
Robert Taft, the Republican Nationalist leader, opposed intervention in WWII, even after the fall of France.
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26.2c America First Committee
The America First Committee was organized by nationalist Republicans.
It was comfortable with Nazi control of Europe.
FDR favored aid to England.
FDR ran for third term with very liberal Henry Wallace as his vice-presidential candidate.
Willkie changed tactics and called FDR a warmonger.
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26.2d Lend-lease
Most Americans supported helping Great Britain.
War equipment was to be supplied to Britain and paid for after war.
Robert Taft and Nationalist Republicans opposed Lend-Lease.
March 11, 1941: Congress approved $7 billion.
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26.2e Roosevelt’s Dilemma
Lend-Lease was merely the first step.
April 1941: Roosevelt ordered naval patrol to help British detect German submarines.
In 1941, Germany invaded the Soviet Union.
Lend-lease extended to the Soviets.
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26.2f Hemispheric Defense
Hemispheric Defense: FDR commenced an undeclared naval war on Germany.
The draft was extended (passed by a single vote in House).
August 9-12: Atlantic Charter signed after a secret meeting with Churchill.
Atlantic Charter set out war aims.
No territorial changes were given, and the right to self-determination was granted for all nations.
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26.2g Undeclared War
German attack on the American destroyer Greer led to undeclared war.
“Shoot-on-sight” order was issued in Sept.
October 17: Eleven Americans killed off Iceland.
In early November, 115 Americans were killed on the Reuben James.
Congress, 212 to 94, authorized arming merchant vessels.
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26.3a Japanese-American Relations 1940-1941
1939: The US retracted oil and scrap iron trade with Japan.
The US insisted Japan end its war in China; Japan wanted the US to cease aid to China.
Japan could withdraw from China without losing face.
Soviets agreed to remain neutral if Japan went to war in April.
Japan invaded southern Indochina.
The US cut off all military supplies.
FDR refused to meet with the liberal Japanese prime minister.
Within six weeks, General Hideki Tojo became premier.
Japan hoped attack on the US would persuade the US to end embargoes.
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26.3b Pearl Harbor
Pearl Harbor
Pearl Harbor and Washington got defense codes reversed.
Radar operators reported blips on screens, but commanders dismissed the report.
Attack led to US involvement in the war.
The Battle of Midway was the turning point in the Pacific, after which Japan lost all the battles.
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26.4a Creation of the Grand Alliance
Germany would be pursued first.
The Declaration of the United Nations was signed in 1942.
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26.4b Holding the Line
The first months of 1942 were filled with one Japanese success after another.
Bataan Death March: During this sixty mile march, captured American soldiers were abused and tortured.
The US had broken the Japanese naval code.
Midway was a huge US victory in the Pacific.
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26.4c Island Hopping
American strategists decided to only attack only the most important islands in the Pacific.
Each island had to be won in an amphibious assault.
Once conquered, the islands could be used as fueling stations and landing strips for the Americans.
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26.4d European Theater
Allies continued to be badly damaged by submarine warfare.
In North Africa, Erwin Rommel led the German forces.
The Soviet army was the only force actively fighting Germany early in the war.
The US did not fight Germany on the ground until 1942.
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26.4e Allied War Strategies and Divisions
There was distrust among the Allied powers.
Stalin was resentful of the delay in opening a second front in Europe.
The US and Britain chose to invade North Africa rather than Europe, fearing that the US was not ready for an invasion of Europe.
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26.4f The Turning Point
In 1942, Allies assumed the offensive.
The US invaded North Africa on November 8, 1942, and defeated Germans in costly six-month campaign.
Difficulty in North Africa delayed Allied invasion of Western Europe.
Soviets won a tremendous victory at Stalingrad.
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26.4g Eastern Front
In 1942-1943, Stalin’s army turned the tide against the Germans.
Hitler’s army never recovered after its surrender at Stalingrad.
The German army lost another half million troops in the siege of Leningrad.
Over a million Russians starved to death during the siege of Leningrad.
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26.4h Italy
Allies focused on the “soft underbelly” of Europe (Italy).
Mussolini’s government collapsed, and he was executed.
Italy eventually surrendered to the US and Great Britain, without the involvement of the Soviets.
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26.4i Setting the Goals of War
Multiple meetings of the Allies took place to determine the course of the war.
Teheran was the site of a meeting of the Big Three in 1943.
Roosevelt felt it was necessary to maintain Stalin’s friendship in the postwar world; Stalin wanted to charm the other allies into opening a second front.
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26.5a The Battle for Production
The Office of War Mobilization was under James F. Byrnes, May 1943.
Antitrust prosecutions were suspended.
Defense contracts guaranteed a profit, and big business grew bigger than ever.
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26.5b The Home Front
Food was rationed, and the standard of living improved.
Shortages of labor developed, but there were only a few strikes.
Union membership went from 6 million to 15 million.
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26.5c Controlling Inflation
More money and less consumer goods meant control of prices was crucial.
Increased taxes and a price freeze kept inflation in check.
Government spending reached $100 billion a year, with 40 percent paid by taxes (higher than ever before).
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26.5d Civil Liberties
Americans on the West Coast were fearful of Japanese spies in the US.
Japanese Internment included 110,000 Japanese removed from the West Coast, two-thirds of which were American citizens.
Japanese in Hawaii were not affected.
Fred Korematsu sued, but lost his case in the Supreme Court.
A race riot occurred in Detroit in 1943.
“Zoot-suit” riots occurred in Los Angeles.
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26.5e Seeds of a More Just Society
Women went to work (6.5 million); thousands joined the military.
Childcare was lacking, and schools overcrowded.
African Americans threatened a march on Washington on July 1, 1941.
FDR issued Executive Order 8802 forbidding discrimination in getting federal contracts.
The Fair Employment Practices Commission was created.
Armed forces and unions remained segregated.
The war against Hitler created a momentum for change in racial attitudes.
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26.5f The Election of 1944
Roosevelt’s fourth election
FDR ran against Thomas E. Dewey with John Bricker, isolationist from Ohio, as his original choice as vice presidential candidate.
Republicans had picked up 47 House seats and 9 Senate in 1942.
Harry Truman was selected as a compromise Democrat candidate to run with FDR because Wallace was disliked by conservatives in party.
FDR got 25.6 million to 22 million for Dewey.
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26.6a Island Hopping in the Pacific
After the battle of Guadalcanal, the US began the long push toward the Japanese mainland.
The capture of Saipan in 1944 put the US within striking distance of Tokyo itself.
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26.6b The Invasion of Europe
By mid-1943, the Allies were launching formidable attacks on Germany.
In the bombing of Dresden, 135,00 Germans were killed.
In the D-Day invasion in June of 1944: 4,000 ships landed troops and supplies along the beaches of Normandy.
Russians launched a broad offensive on the eastern front at roughly the same time as the D-Day invasion.
The US took enormous casualties at the Battle of the Bulge, but it resulted in a German defeat.
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26.6c The Big Three at Yalta
Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin met in February 1945 at Yalta.
The objective was to begin making plans for the postwar world.
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26.6d The End of the Third Reich
Roosevelt died in April 1945.
Hitler committed suicide in late April 1945, and Germany surrendered days later.
Soviet forces advanced on Berlin.
Soviet forces were allowed to rape German women, murder civilians, and loot the city of Berlin.
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26.6e Holocaust
As Allied troops overran Germany, they uncovered evidence of the Holocaust.
In the Holocaust, 14 million people (6 million Jews) died.
The US had known about the death camps as early as 1943, but viewed military targets as the more important objective.
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26.6f The United Nations and Potsdam
Fifty countries signed the UN Charter on June 26, 1945.
Only two senators voted against US membership.
Potsdam Conference: July 17
Germany would be divided into four zones, and so would the city of Berlin.
Nazi leaders were to be tried as war criminals.
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26.6g End of the War with Japan
March 9: Tokyo was fire-bombed in the deadliest bombing of the war.
Japanese were fighting to the last man; kamikaze pilots sunk 34 ships.
The US causalities on Okinawa totaled 49,000.
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26.6h Atomic Bomb and Surrender
Aug. 6, 1945: At 8:15 a.m., 80,000 were killed in atomic bombing of Hiroshima.
Aug. 8: Soviets entered the war.
August 9: Nagasaki was bombed with thousands more dead.
Emperor Hirohito broke the deadlock in the Japanese cabinet in favor of surrender.
Aug. 14: Japan surrendered on the condition that Hirohito remained emperor.
The world would not be the same again.
Trinity Test: First nuclear explosion, and nuclear scientists argued against the bomb’s use.
Truman decided to use the bomb on the premise that it would shorten the war and save lives.
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