introduction to American History
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1104_AmericanHistoryComb_9e_21.pptxChapter 21: The Rise of America as a World Power
Introduction to American History Combined
Ninth Edition, by Farmer © 2019
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Learning Objectives
Discuss the causes and consequences of American imperialism.
Discuss the annexation of Hawaii.
Explain the Venezuela Crisis and Roosevelt’s Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine.
Discuss the causes and consequences of the Spanish-American war.
Discuss the debates over the annexation of the Philippines.
Explain the Filipino Rebellion and discuss American policies during the War in the Philippines.
Introduction to American History Combined
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Learning Objectives (Continued)
Explain the Open Door Policy, the Boxer Rebellion, and how the Boxer Rebellion helped the U.S. achieve more of an “Open Door” in China.
Evaluate Roosevelt’s policies in the Pacific, including the Treaty of Portsmouth and the Japanese response.
Discuss the creation of the State of Panama and the construction of the Panama Canal.
Discuss Woodrow Wilson’s involvement in Mexico, including his opposition to Huerta, his support for Carranza, and his expedition to apprehend Pancho Villa.
Introduction to American History Combined
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21.1 Another Frontier
Secretary of State William H. Seward
1867: Acquired Midway Islands
1867: Purchased Alaska from Russia for $7,200,000
The Senate rejected annexation of Dominican Republic in Grant’s presidency.
Support for expansion came from navy, congressmen, businessmen, and intellectuals.
Exports exceeded imports in 1870s.
Captain Alfred T. Mahan’s The Influence of Sea Power Upon History (1890): Large navy to protect trade
Introduction to American History Combined
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21.1a Samoa
The United States arranged a treaty for a naval station and commercial coaling rights in Samoa following the completion of the Transcontinental Railroad.
In 1869 it was a naval station, but rivalry with Germany ensued.
In 1899, it was divided between Germany and the United States.
Introduction to American History Combined
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21.1b Hawaii
The American-owned sugar industry was prosperous in Hawaii.
In 1875, the Reciprocity Treaty created free trade between Hawaii and the US.
In 1890, the McKinley Tariff removed Hawaiian advantage and created bounty for domestic sugar growers.
1893: American business interest in Hawaii overthrew Queen Liliuokalani to annex Hawaii to the US and gain bounty for domestic sugar growers.
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21.1c Venezuela and the Monroe Doctrine
Cleveland was angered by Great Britain’s refusal to accept American arbitration of a boundary dispute between British Guiana and Venezuela.
Britain refused to accept an American settlement of the dispute.
Cleveland, invoking Monroe Doctrine, said this was “a willful aggression” and threatened use of force.
Four years later, Britain accepted an international settlement of the dispute more favorable to its interests.
Introduction to American History Combined
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21.2a Trouble in Cuba
This was the first fateful departure from realistic appraisal of national interest.
Revolt against Spain broke out again in 1894.
“Butcher” Weyler confined more than 200,000 Cubans in concentration camps.
“Yellow” journalism inflamed American passions against Spain.
Rebels controlled two-thirds of Cuba by 1896 and destroyed American property.
Cleveland refused to yield to pressure for war.
Introduction to American History Combined
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21.2b Escalation of Conflict with Spain
McKinley won presidency on a new Manifest Destiny program.
Spain recalled Weyler in 1897.
The de Lome letter insulted McKinley.
The battleship Maine blew-up in Havana Harbor on Feb. 15, 1898.
Spain was blamed.
What really happened was not known.
Papers proclaimed, “Remember the Maine, to Hell with Spain!”
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21.2b Escalation of Conflict with Spain (Continued)
Political pressure from Republicans for war mounted.
Ultimatum sent to Spain: Close camps and grant independence (March 27).
Spain agreed to cease-fire and end the reconcentration policy, but not to full Cuban independence.
McKinley began composing his war message.
Spain capitulated on first point, but McKinley called for war anyway.
A joint resolution authorizing use of force was passed by April 25.
Teller Amendment pledged that the US would withdraw from Cuba when independence was established.
Introduction to American History Combined
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21.2c The Spanish-American War
The US had the fifth largest navy in the world.
Following Teddy Roosevelt’s plan, the US Navy attacked the Philippines on May 1 and destroyed the Spanish fleet.
In June 17,000 troops landed in Cuba, short of every supply.
Major battles at El Caney and San Juan Hill included charge of Roosevelt’s Rough Riders at San Juan Hill.
Introduction to American History Combined
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21.2c The Spanish-American War (Continued)
Spanish fleet was destroyed on July 3.
Americans took Wake Island, Guam, and Puerto Rico.
Armistice was signed on August 12.
Americans killed in battle totaled 379, and 5,462 died from disease.
Secretary of State John Hay called it “A splendid little war.”
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21.2d Justification for Imperialism
New acquisitions presented the American public with the question of what to do with new possessions.
Mark Hanna said that it was commerce and trade.
McKinley said that it was “part of our Christian mission.”
Teller Amendment prevented annexation of Cuba.
Imperialism violated spirit of Declaration of Independence and the Constitution.
Nativists feared “mongrelization.”
Unions feared cheap labor competition.
Big business favored Imperialism for trade.
Americans did not believe Filipinos could rule themselves.
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21.2e The Treaty of Paris
The Treaty of Paris ended the Spanish-American War.
After testing public opinion, McKinley decided to annex Philippines.
On Dec. 10, 1898, Spain ceded islands to the US. for $20 million and also ceded Puerto Rico and Guam, in addition to accepting Cuban independence.
Congress would determine civil rights of persons in all territories.
Senate ratified the treaty in February.
Anti-imperialist Republicans put loyalty over principle and voted for it.
W.J. Bryan encouraged some Democrats to support it; he was going to make it an issue in 1900 campaign.
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21.2f The Aftermath of Conquest
The United States was now recognized as a world power.
Filipino nationalists turned against the US and were not defeated until 1902 (with ruthless force).
Arthur MacArthur executed captives and used concentration camps.
When Aguinaldo was captured, he bargained for peace in exchange for his own life.
Roosevelt started a program to build schools and carry out land reform.
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21.2f The Aftermath of Conquest (Continued)
Governor William Howard Taft implemented home rule.
Cuba was granted independence.
The Platt Amendment allowed the US the right to intervene to protect a just government.
In 1902, the Guantanamo Naval Base was permanently leased.
The Reciprocity Treaty caused trade between the US and Cuba to increase.
Under American rule, the old social structures and extremes of poverty and wealth persisted in all these new possessions.
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21.3a The Open Door
The quest for trade along with missionary zeal drove the US into the Far East.
Notes to the Great Powers of Europe and Japan was printed (1899-1900).
Secretary of State John Hay said China should collect its tariffs, and all nations should get equal trading rights in all of China.
Principle overseas states and territories
The US lacked the will and power to enforce Notes.
They led to continuing involvement of the US in the Far East.`
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21.3b Boxer Rebellion
European attitudes toward the “Open Door” changed following the Boxer Rebellion.
Chinese rebels, called “Boxers,” took over foreign embassy in Beijing.
International expeditionary force of 20,000 soldiers, including 5,000 Americans, invaded China and put down rebellion.
Europeans were more open to “Open Door” idea.
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21.3c Roosevelt’s Policy
Roosevelt viewed the Open Door policy with a measure of realism.
The US should recognize Japan’s need for Chinese raw materials and markets.
Privately, Japanese control of Korea was accepted.
Roosevelt mediated the Russo-Japanese War (1904-05).
Japan launched war against Russia in Manchuria.
Japan sunk both the Pacific and Baltic fleets of Russia.
Japan wanted out of a costly ground war and agreed to Roosevelt’s mediation.
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21.3c Roosevelt’s Policy (Continued)
Treaty of Portsmouth ended Russo-Japanese War
Roosevelt divided Sakhalin Island.
Japan got Liaotung Peninsula.
Japanese were unhappy with settlement.
October 1906: San Francisco decided to segregate Japanese students (all 93).
President Roosevelt called the school board to the White House after a Japanese protest.
Board agreed to rescind the rule in exchange for a ban on Japanese emigration.
Roosevelt arranged a “Gentlemen’s Agreement” with Japan.
He sent the Great White Fleet on a world cruise in 1907 as a show of force to Japan.
With the Root-Takahira Agreement (November 1908), the US recognized Japanese economic rights in Manchuria—and Japan agreed to accept Open Door in China.
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21.3d New Far Eastern Policies
Differing opinions among Roosevelt, Taft, and Wilson
Taft and Wilson wanted to expand Chinese markets.
Wilson: “Our industries have expanded to such a point that they will burst their jackets if they cannot find a free outlet to the markets of the world.”
Lansing-Ishii Agreement of Nov. 1917
The US recognized Japan’s special interests in China.
Japan reaffirmed Open Door, agreeing not to use war situation to seek new influence in China.
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21.4a Panama
Roosevelt wanted to establish stability in the Caribbean.
Colombia rejected US offer of $10 million for right to build a canal (1902).
Roosevelt called them “Dagos.”
Revolution against Colombia broke out Nov. 3, 1903.
An American ship helped.
TR recognized the Republic of Panama and signed a new canal treaty.
In 1921, the US agreed to pay Panama $25 million.
The Panama Canal opened in 1914 at a cost of $356 million and 5,000 lives.
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21.4b The Roosevelt Corollary
Venezuela Crises and the Roosevelt Corollary
Germany bombarded a Venezuelan port town in Dec. 1902, but Germany accepted mediation of dispute.
The Dominican Republic was deep in debt to Germany, Italy, and Spain.
It asked the US, in 1905, to establish a protectorate, which TR did.
The US assumed control of customs and allotted them to the creditors.
Introduction to American History Combined
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21.4c Dollar Diplomacy
Dollar Diplomacy: The United States exerted influence in Latin America through trade and investment.
1912: Taft sent Marines into Nicaragua to maintain a pro-American government.
A clear pattern emerged of support for dictatorial governments.
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21.4d Wilson’s Mission: Ideal Versus Reality
Wilson’s mission was not only to build a world on capitalism, free trade, and moralism, but also to use a big stick.
He wanted to democratize corrupt governments.
US Marines remained in Nicaragua until 1933.
Wilson sent Marines into Haiti in 1915 and intervened in the Dominican Republic in 1916.
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21.4e Triumph and Tragedy in Mexico
Revolution erupted in 1910.
Americans owned half of Mexico’s oil, two-thirds of its railroads, and three-fourths of its mines.
The average Mexican lived in total poverty.
Mexican Revolution began in 1910.
American Ambassador Henry Lane Wilson helped Victoriano Huerta oust Francisco Madero.
Henry Lane Wilson acquiesced to execution of Madero.
New President Woodrow Wilson refused to recognize Huerta government.
Wilson backed rebels of Venustiano Carranza.
American soldiers briefly detained in Tampico.
Introduction to American History Combined
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21.4e Triumph and Tragedy in Mexico (Continued)
Wilson responded by ordering navy to occupy Vera Cruz to prevent a German ship from unloading ammunition; casualties totaled 126 Mexicans killed, and 19 Americans.
Carranza ousted Huerta; Wilson, unhappy with Carranza’s policies, backed Villa.
Villa ousted Carranza; Wilson, unhappy with Villa’s policies, backed Carranza.
Carranza again ousted Villa with US aid.
In 1916, Pancho Villa killed 18 American engineers in northern Mexico; then he invaded New Mexico and killed 19 more.
Wilson ordered the US Army to find Villa, but without success, and then ordered Army withdrawn in January 1917.
Wilson granted full recognition.
Introduction to American History Combined
Ninth Edition, by Farmer © 2019
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