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11-USaSuperPower.pptx
What is a Superpower?
A superpower is a state with a dominant position characterized by its extensive ability to exert influence or project power on a global scale.
Combined means of economic/ military/ technological and cultural strength as well as diplomatic and soft power influence
Types of power
Hard
This means getting your own way by using force. Invasions, war and conflict are instruments.
Economic power can be used as a form of hard power: sanctions & trade barriers
the power of persuasion
Some countries can make others follow their lead by making their policies attractive. A country’s culture (arts, music, cinema) may be viewed favourably by people in other countries.
International aid
Soft
US a smart power?
The USA is such a successful superpower that some people have even described it as a hyperpower.
Soft Power
Hard Power
Smart Power
Us military power
The USA has used a combination of overt military power and covert intelligence operations to intervene in the affairs of almost 50 states since 1945. The USA’s reach is truly global.
US Defense Spending
Us political power
The USA was the main architect of the global economic system created at the end of the WW2
The USA continues to have disproportionate influence over these intergovernmental organisations, which are based in Washington DC.
To date, all World Bank presidents have been US citizens. The USA has a greater influence over International Monetary Fund (IMF) policy than any other state.
The Rise of Neoliberalism
In the late 60’s American Economist Milton Friedman had become one of the most highly respected voices in economics
Friedman came from the Chicago School of economics which follows similar lines as the Hayek school of thought in which a Free Market will regulate itself, without need of government intervention or programs . Neoliberalism took classic liberalism to an even further extent
In 1976 Friedman won the Nobel Prize for economics
A Case-Study on US non-military Intervention
US superpower approach as 1973 Chilean Coup D'état, also known as the “Chile Project” in the Chicago Boys Operation.
Milton Friedman set up an exchange program for Chilean economics students to go to the University of Chicago and be taught by Friedman. This was a response to Salvador Allende’s election (Allende was a democratic socialist) and his calls to nationalize large sectors of the economy. Friedman taught the students and awarded them with doctorates for them to go back to Chile and become the economic advisors to Pinochet, the US-backed opposition leader against Allende.
On September 11, 1973, Chilean Armed Forces overthrew Allende's government in a coup,
The Chicago Boys were a group of Chilean Economist part of a program started by the government called the “Chile project”. This was a joint project between the U.S State Department and the Chilean Government for students from Chile to come to the U.S and study at the the University of Chicago.
This Program started in 1957 but was uneventful until 1973 and started under the "Latin American Business Group at Chicago Booth School of Business”.
The Chicago Boys were set out to make history for there country and be able to eventually return to chile and build up the economy.
Notable Men of The Chicago Boys & Title's
| Jorge Cauas | Minister of Finance, 1975–1977. |
| Sergio De Castro | Minister of Finance, 1977–1982 |
| Pablo Baraona | Minister of Economy, 1976–1979 |
| Hernan Buchi | Minister of Finance, 1985–1989 |
| Rold Luders | Minister of Economy, 1982; Minister of Finance, 1982-83 |
| Cristian Larrriulet Vignau | Chief of Staff of the Finance Minister, member of National Commission for Privatization, Head of Antitrust Commission, Minister of General Secretariat to the Presidency, SEGPRES 2010–present |
| Juan Andres Fontaine | Minister of Economy, 2010–2011. |
| Francisco Perez Mackenna | Chief Executive Officer of quinenco one of Chile's largest conglomerates, with assets of over US$33.1 billion 1998–present |
Us Soft power
US cultural influence is so strong that terms like Americanisation and McDonaldisation are widely used to describe the way American food, fashion and media have shaped global culture.
USA is also a major donor of foreign aid→ build regional and global political alliances
The Beginning In 1800’s industrial revolution produced explosive economic growth & power became concentrated in the federal government, making it easier for expansionist action. 1898, President McKinley dragged the country into war with Spain over the island of Cuba despite intense opposition
becoming a Superpower?
US intervention became crucial to end WWI
President Woodrow Wilson helped to create the League of Nations, the first American attempt to create a global “council”.
Near the end of WW2, the rising Japanese empire posed a threat to American territories and troops in the east, forcing the US to join the war (1941) after Pearl Harbor and thus join international stage once more.
Because the US economy was the only one of the major powers not crashed during the WW2 & because the US was the only country with nuclear weapons> unique position of power
many historians believe it was when the country dropped two nuclear bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, thus ending WW2. (August 6-9, 1945) US became a global superpower
US helped to reconstruct Europe through the Marshall Plan (April 1948) and fostered in the Bretton Woods System (July 1944).
Us political power
The USA was the main architect of the global economic system created at the end of the WW2 → USA continues to have disproportionate influence over these important intergovernmental organisations, which are based in Washington DC.
Us Soft power
US cultural influence is strong →→Americanization and McDonaldization are widely used to describe the way American food, fashion and media have shaped global culture. Many American brands are enjoyed by people in many different countries.
The USA is also a major donor of foreign aid → helps it to build regional and global political alliances
Us economic power
The 320 million people who live in the USA (less than one-twentieth of the world’s population) own more than 40% of global personal wealth.
Of the 500 largest global TNCs, one quarter were US-owned in 2015.
Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP)
TTIP is a proposed trade agreement between the EU & USA
TTIP is an ambitious, comprehensive, and high-standard trade and investment agreement with the aims of promoting trade and multilateral economic growth.
Trade negotiations started in July 2013, halted by ex President Donald Trump because of several trade conflicts with the EU, formally closed in 2019
Trade Conflicts
Trade Deficit
Medical Services & Drugs
Trade Conflicts
The current disputes only affect around 2% of EU-US trade. The WTO’s dispute settlement mechanism handles some of these disputes.
When asked abstractly about free trade and the American economy or its companies, respondents likely draw on their intuition that the free exchange of goods can be mutually beneficial. As Figure 1 shows, once the survey specifies the trading partner, strong bipartisan support persists for South Korea, Germany, and Japan, but support declines and polarization increases for the other five countries.
Working together on Global Trade Issues
Reduced regulatory differences
Lower trade tariffs
Smoother customs processes
Reduce trade costs (leading to cheaper goods)
Provide greater compatibility and transparency in trade and investment regulation
Maintain high levels of health, safety, and environmental protection
Europe & US should aim for ambitious agenda including a trade deal to abolish industrial tariffs and to reform WTO to increase pressure on countries like China.
The transatlantic relationship defines the world economy. Taken together, the economies of EU + US make more than 40% of world GDP and more than 40% of global trade in goods and services.
There is already a start for renewed transatlantic partnership in the post-pandemic era which centers on
global health challenges,
green growth,
strengthening trade relations,
fostering democratic values for a more secure world
A World Without Superpowers: de-centered globalism Prof.Barry Buzan https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8jVXh6b0ofM
references
https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_52044.htm
NATO website
Federal Reserve History website
https://www.globalpolicy.org/us-westward-expansion/26024-us-interventions.html
- Global Policy Forum
https://uwidata.com/4007-the-us-occupied-middle-east/
United World: US in the Middle East
https://www.vox.com/2016/11/28/13708364/america-superpower-expansion-colony
Vox: How America became a Superpower
https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.PP.CD?most_recent_value_desc=true
The World Bank
https://www.cnn.com/2013/06/28/world/asia/korean-war-fast-facts/index.html
- CNN: The Korean War
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