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10559FA_HNDMSBPLO2.pptx
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Project execution phase:
Selecting appropriate methods of information gathering, data collection and material resourcing.
The distinct phases which support a coherent and logical argument.
Use of secondary research to inform a primary empirical study.
Qualitative and quantitative research methods.
Field work:
Selecting a sample of the consumer market, businesses or individuals (those who meet certain characteristics relevant to the research theme) is used to gather data (qualitative or quantitative).
LO2 Conduct small-scale research, information gathering and data collection to generate knowledge to support the project
Vision to direct change
Customer Centric approach
Risk Control
Prevention – measures to prevent risk or if it arises there is no impact on project.
Reduction – measures in place to limit the probability that the risk occurs or impact if it does occur.
Transference – Transfer the impact of risk to a third party, so if it does occur has no impact on the project; commonly done through the commercial; terms of subcontractor contracts which can include penalty clauses to cover the costs of getting the work done elsewhere.
Transference Tool – Insurance contracts.
Contingency
Have plans ready just in case !
Acceptance – Many risks will be either too improbable or too low in their impact to worry about. Do not ignore….log and review.
Ref: Nokes et al (2003)
Comparison
SCOPE MANAGEMENT
Project scope management is what you do to make sure that your project includes all the work relevant to achieving the project’s objectives (and not anything else). It’s around controlling what’s included in the project and what isn’t.
Risk Management
ASSIGNMENT - CASE STIDY
Enabling a Customer-Centric Experience through Project Management Organization:
du Telecom and Huawei Technologies Co. Ltd. Industry
BACKGROUND
Throughout the United Arab Emirates (UAE), du Telecom provides mobile and fixed telephony,
broadband connectivity and IPTV (Internet Protocol Television) services to people, homes, and businesses.
When it opened for business in 2006, the company boldly entered what was already a saturated market with 100% penetration. Although du Telecom recognized that the telecom industry in the Arabian Gulf is fast growing and that the company would face ever increasing competition, it approached the market as an opportunity rather than an obstacle.
Within four years, du had acquired almost 40% of the region’s mobile market share and was maintaining an annual growth rate of more than 32% in a saturated market.
CASE STUDY CONTINUED
1 Established in 1987, Huawei is a global leader of ICT solutions and the largest telecommunications equipment maker in the world. Their telecom network equipment, IT products and solutions, and smart devices are used in 170 countries and regions.
2. In 2013, du signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with Huawei Technologies Co. Ltd., a Chinese multinational networking and telecommunications equipment and services company. With this understanding, du and Huawei are working together to better define the best practices in portfolio
and project management concepts, processes and techniques for their industry,
including knowledge transfer and research.
Case Study Continued
3. du and Huawei are operating what they term a “distributed PMO” in two countries. This requires that both understand how a PMO functions in that type of environment. The two companies decided to work together to exchange best practice industry methodologies, concepts, tools and techniques, while also better defining best practice portfolio management concepts, processes, and techniques.
THE CHALLENGE
du knows that every project takes place in a specific context, be it a stand-alone project or part of a greater program, or one among a portfolio of projects. A project may also involve a team whose members have never worked together before, and it may require assigning responsibilities and roles to people who are new to them. All of these factors are identified and considered as part of a project. With all of these considerations in mind, du was looking for partners who could help them overcome these challenges.
This provided the trigger to initiate an engagement with Huawei, where in a region marked by fierce competition, telecom operators contend with constant change and long-term uncertainty. One key shortcoming that du explored for surmounting these challenges was the role of project leadership—a capability that delegates and facilitates faster decision making and improves time to market.
The Solution
Project leadership is a skill that requires time to develop—in a person or an organization. Achieving success requires an analysis of setbacks and failures as a roadmap for improvement. Focusing on each project’s challenges and learning from them helps build a more successful project management capability.
PMI’s in-depth report “Capturing the Value of Project Management Through Knowledge Transfer” reveals that while capturing lessons learned is critical, what an organization does with that knowledge once it is captured, is equally important.
The Solution cont…
As part of the MoU, Huawei and du work together to improve project management practices between the two companies through knowledge sharing, exchange visits, and other forms of collaboration.
Having robust project management capabilities gives decision makers real-time visibility on project health, trends on investment returns, and the appropriate control to enable decision making that
reduces uncertainty and opens up opportunities.
As part of the process, du and Huawei use the OPM3 model to accomplish management and control. Organizations turn to OPM3® because it helps them bridge the gap between strategy and individual projects. It provides a way to advance strategic interests through the application of project management principles and practices. This generates consistently successful, high-quality projects that achieve their goals in a timely manner.
Solution cont.………………
KEY ACHIEVEMENTS
As a result of their collaboration, both companies report a reduction in project failure, an appropriate level of quality, and results that meet requirements and customer expectations.
Both were also able to free up staff for other assignments and increase efficiency both on the project and within the business, making things simpler and easier for staff.
Du and Huawei instituted a single point of contact responsible for the management of an overall project. This produces consistent communications among staff and suppliers and also keeps costs, timeframes, and resources within budget. Finally, robust project management practices are all about managing customer expectations with a customer-centric vision. Within the du Telecom–Huawei collaboration, project management practices touched upon the DNA of the telecom business, which is customer experience. Project management became the enabler for that customer experience.
Assignment cont.….
Scenario: You are expected to read the above given case study on du Telecom and Huawei Technologies Co. Ltd., and answer the questions that follow. You will also have to refer to other sources of information in your research to analyse all the questions in more detail.
Read the higher grade descriptors carefully to check out on their specific requirements, which will help you achieve higher grades. You will have to do your own research on these companies to enable you to do a holistic examination of the involved project work, and you must completely comply with answering all the basic requirements stated in the questions below.
Assignment Brief
du Telecom–Huawei collaboration as an entity has set very high benchmark and standards to garner almost 40 percent of the market share in UAE. To achieve a focused strategy in the Telecom industry, du is constantly trying to enable a rich customer centric experience in all their projects being undertaken by them currently. du wants to enhance the customer experience of its existing customers and desires to carry out a successful business project in this regard which will enable them to drive strategic continuous improvement programmes, as well as allow them to drive high-impact change initiatives. They want to collect business intelligence through use of data analytics, give a high quality service experience and also develop a 360 degrees customer view.
You have been appointed as the Project Manager, du Telecom–Huawei, to make this project report based on certain important criteria which have been given below. The report will encompass all criteria listed below in the questions, and it will be submitted individually by the given due date.
Assignment brief
You are expected to write a project report and incorporate the answers to the following questions referring to the du case–Huawei study above, in the report itself. You will use other sources of research work, as well as other secondary material and literature available on the company and industry.
a. Devise your project aims and objectives of du–Huawei Company, in line with some of the customer centric approaches which you desire to undertake to enhance the overall customer experience.
b. You must produce a comprehensive project management plan that will cover aspects of cost, scope, time, quality, communication, risk and resources.
c. Produce a work breakdown structure and a Gantt Chart to provide timeframes and stages of completion. [P1, P2, P3, M1, D1]
2. Carry out small-scale research by applying qualitative and quantitative research methods, which will be appropriate to meet the project aims and objectives set by you. To do this, you will design a questionnaire to carry out the quantitative research, by taking responses from existing du customers; minimum sample size chosen must be 30 respondents. You will also carry out interviews of at least 5 respondents to help you carry out your qualitative research effectively. [P4, M2, D1]
a. You will then use simple statistical tools and techniques like graphs, charts, histograms, averages, etc. to analyse your data which should help you to come to certain conclusive research findings
Assignment brief….
Thereafter, you should communicate appropriate recommendations as a result of your research and data analysis, which will also help you to draw out valid and meaningful conclusions, which you need to present to the du–Huawei Management. [P5, P6, M3, D2]
Reflect on the value of undertaking this particular research to meet the stated objectives, as well as reflect on own learning and performance. [P7, M4, D2]
Your answers should include research well beyond the case study and should be referenced using the Harvard referencing system. The recommended word limit is 3500-4000 words, although you will not be penalized for exceeding the total word limit.
Conduct small-scale research, information gathering and data collection to generate knowledge to support your project.
The role of managers and researchers is concerned with analysing and solving problems. These problems come in many forms with common features and normally include some numerical information. Both managers and researchers need to understand a range of quantitative methods. In order to perform quantitative analyses, we need data and know how to collect quantitative data: sampling and measurement issues, surveys and experimental research.
Ref: Research Methods for Business and Management
Quantitative methodology
A deductive approach, an etic view, objective epistemology, a structured approach, systematic approach, numerically-based data collection, statistical analyses, and replicable research design. In other words, quantitative studies have four main characteristics: systematic/reconstructed logic and linear path (step-by-step straight line); hard data in nature (e.g. numbers); they rely on positivist principles, they have an emphasis on measuring variables and testing hypotheses; finally, they usually verify or falsify a relationship or hypothesis we already have in mind. Advantages of using quantitative data relative to quantitative data include broad comparability of answers, speed of data collection, and the ‘power of numbers’. Qualitative questions can be asked in a quantitative survey, but responses (and ensuing data) are much more structured (and some may say, restrictive). The
Reflect on the value you have gained from conducting a project and its usefulness to support sustainable organisational performance.
Qualitative Data Gathering Techniques
As one of our primary methodologies in the Methods Map (see chapter 4), qualitative techniques can yield valuable, revelatory, and rich data. They can be used on their own, or in conjunction with other research tools depending on the nature of the research project. For example, interviews can be used to explain and interpret the results of quantitative research, or conversely, to provide exploratory data that are later developed by quantitative research. MacIntosh & Bonnet (2007, p. 321) note with humour that “[q]ualitative research is sometimes styled as the poor cousin of ‘real science’…” This position can represent an added challenge to researchers. This chapter discusses some common approaches to qualitative research methods (see the ‘Techniques’ section of the Methods Map) and the issues that must be considered with their application in order for them not to be viewed as somehow inferior to ‘real science’.
Interviews
A long-established research method, qualitative interviews involve a conversation between the researcher and the subject towards developing understanding of central themes and research questions. Interviewing is now examined in three stages: pre-interview, interview and post-interview, explaining some useful techniques for conducting successful interview research
Research Methodology
RM-3 Questionnaire Design, Measurement & Scaling
QUANTITATIVE
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH PROCESS
QUANTITATIVE
Qualitative research
Designed to reveal a target audience’s range of behavior and the perceptions that drive it with reference to specific topics or issues.
It uses in-depth studies of small groups of people to guide and support the construction of hypotheses. The results of qualitative research are descriptive rather than predictive.
Qualitative research methods originated in the social and behavioral sciences: sociology, anthropology and psychology. Today, qualitative methods in the field of marketing research include in-depth interviews with individuals, group discussions (from two to ten participants is typical); diary and journal exercises; and in-context observations. Sessions may be conducted in person, by telephone, via videoconferencing and via the Internet.
QUALITATIVE
Questionnaire design in the context of the survey process
Have a clear aim and then research questions
Identify the population and sample
Decide how to collect replies
Design your questionnaire
Run a pilot survey
Carry out main survey
Analyse the data
Write up findings and dissemination
Dyads and Triads, explained by DJS Research Ltd.
Dyads and Triads can be thought of as very small focus groups. However, unlike with focus groups, there is occasionally a connection between participants (i.e. husband and wife or purchaser and user). This allows the moderator to delve into dissimilar opinions within the same organization and to appreciate different perspectives within the same group of people (it often gives a detailed look at the good and bad points of a particular purchase decision).
Triad
This tool is a qualitative method of data collection that is essentially a three-person tool;
Several triads maybe be needed to ensure that a diverse set of beliefs and opinions are obtained from a target audience.
Because fewer individuals are involved, the triad interview often takes less time than a focus group and usually runs 45 to 60 minutes. Because there are fewer participants, triads offer an opportunity to hear each participants views in more depth, and is a good way to test more complex materials.
TRIAD research tool
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
What is a Questionnaire
A research tool for data collection
“It’s function is measurement” (Oppenheim, 1992)
Survey Methods Of Collecting Data
Quantitative research:
Personal interview.
Telephone interviews.
Sending survey forms.
Qualitative research:
Depth interviews.
Focus groups.
Questions
What might be a better way of asking:
‘Do you often go to the cinema’?
Why use a questionnaire?
Target large amount of people
Used to describe, compare or explain
Can cover activities and behaviour, knowledge, attitudes, preferences
Specific objectives, standardised and highly structured questions
Used to collect quantitative data – information that can be counted or measured
Questionnaire Design
Types of response format
Fixed format (quantitative)
Yes-no.
Multiple choice.
Rating scale/ continuum.
Narrative response (qualitative)
Allows respondents greater freedom of expression.
The responses are time consuming to code & researcher may misinterpret a response.
Questions can be open or closed.
Questionnaire Design
Question phrasing
Use a style of language appropriate to the target population.
Avoid long questions.
Avoid confusing & ambiguous questions.
Avoid biased words & leading questions.
Do not use double-barreled questions.
(Asks a question that touches upon more than one issue, yet allows only for one answer; e.g. "How satisfied are you with your pay and job conditions?")
Avoid negative questions ("don't you have a passport”).
Do not encourage respondents to guess.
Avoid questions which assume respondents possess all the relevant information pertaining to the question.
Questionnaire Design
Types of response format
Fixed format (quantitative)
Yes-no.
Multiple choice.
Rating scale/ continuum.
Narrative response (qualitative)
Allows respondents greater freedom of expression.
The responses are time consuming to code & researcher may misinterpret a response.
Questions can be open or closed.
Question wording – things to avoid
Abbreviations
Alternative meanings (left, cool, dinner)
Ambiguity and vague wording (fairly, generally, household, family?)
Double negatives - "I'm not feeling bad (not good)" vs. "I'm feeling good”
Phrasing Questions
1. Clarity/specificity
Avoid nonspecific response options, but also avoid seeking unachievable specificity.
“Often? Sometimes? Regularly?”
2. Simplicity
Avoid complex or technical phrasing.
Use complete but short sentences (avoiding double negatives)
3. Neutrality
Avoid arguable statements and judgmental words/phrases
Phrasing Questions (cont)
Sensitivity
Allow for either agreement or disagreement in question stem
Funneling questions (seeks further information either that goes into more specific details) to introduce sensitive topics
e.g. Tell me more about…………
What do you remember about………………
One topic per question
5. Avoid ‘double-barreled’ questions
“Do African-Americans and Latinos suffer from discrimination”
6. Specify an appropriate time frame
Typical/usual versus maximal/minimal
Depends on salience of topic
7. Improving recall
Aided recall (memory cues, prompts)
Bounded recall (time window)
Records or diaries
Phrasing Questions
8. Mutually exclusive (if one happens the other can't happen) and exhaustive response options
Use of ‘other’ fields
9. Consider question polarity (‘Y’ or ‘N’ option) and sequence
10. Check for technical accuracy
How might the question be rephrased?
‘Do you visit the pub to get drunk’ ?
Activity
What types of problem can you envisage arising from the use of multiple-choice questions?
How can such problems be overcome?
Consider ?
Find out the errors in the questions below:
How many books or publications have you borrowed from the library?
0, 1-5, 5-10, 10-15, 20-30
2 The last time you used a library, what was the purpose of your visit?
Search for a book, search for a periodical, get information from librarian, study peacefully
3. Were your needs satisfied? Yes, No
4. How satisfied are you with the quality of service provided by the library and the attitude of the library staff?
1, 2, 3, 4, 5
5. What do you dislike about the library?
6. Are you against not having longer hours? Against/ Not Against
7. Level of education
Activity
Measurement & Scaling
Measurement and Scaling
Measurement
Standardized process of assigning numbers or other symbols to certain characteristics of objects of interests according to pre-specified rules.
Scaling
Process of creating a continuum on which objects are located according to the amount of the measured characteristic that the object possesses.
Nominal Scale
Nominal scales are defined as those that use only label;
that is, they possess only the characteristic of
description
The response does not include any level of intensity
Examples
Designations as to race, religion,
Type of dwelling
Gender
Brand last purchased
Answers that involve yes-no, agree-disagree
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Nominal Scale
If one describes respondents in a survey
according to their occupation—
Banker, doctor, computer programmer—
One has used a nominal scale
Nominal - Scaled Questions
Check all the brands you would
consider purchasing
Sony
Videocon
Samsung
LG
Measurement Scales
Ordinal Scale
Ordinal numbers are numbers used to denote the position in an ordered sequence: first, second, third, fourth, etc., whereas a cardinal number says "how many there are": one, two, three, four, etc.
Ordinal - Scaled Questions
Please rank each brand in terms of your preference
Please place “1” by your first choice,
“2” by your second choice, and so on
Sony
Videocon
Samsung
LG
Apple
Phillips
Interval Scale
Interval scales are those in which the distance
between each descriptor is known.
It demonstrates absolute differences between each scale point
The distance is normally defined as one scale unit
For example, a coffee brand rated “3”
in taste is one unit away from one rated “4”
Evaluate a store’s sales people by selecting a single designation from the list:
Extremely friendly
Very friendly
Some what friendly
Some what unfriendly
Very unfriendly
Extremely unfriendly
Circle The Appropriate Number
Strongly Strongly
Agree Disagree
I Always Look For Bargains 1 2 3 4 5
I Enjoy Being Out Doors 1 2 3 4 5
I Love to cook 1 2 3 4 5
In a typical week (7 day period), how often you access internet from a home computer?
More than 20 times
16 to 20 times
11 to 15 times
6 to 10 times
1 to 5 times
Do not access it
Ratio-Scaled Questions
Please indicate your age
………Years
Approximately how many times in the last month have you purchased any thing over Dhs. 1000 in value at Lulu?
0 1 2 3 4 5 more ( specify_ )
Nominal, Ordinal, Interval, and Ratio Scales Provide Different Information
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Likert Scale
An ordinal scale format that asks the respondents to indicate
the extent to which they agree or disagree
with a series of mental belief or behavioral belief statements about
a given object
Likert Scaling
Even Number of Response Categories
Label all categories
Use N/A if appropriate [Or neutral/undecided]
Frequency, Importance, etc. [Anchored]
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | |
| Strongly Disagree | Disagree | Agree | Strongly Agree | |
| Costa Rica is a good location for the AIAEE conference. |
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | |
| Strongly Disagree | Disagree | Slightly Disagree | Slightly Agree | Agree | Strongly Agree | |
| Costa Rica is a good location for the AIAEE conference. |
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Assignment
Conduct small-scale research, information gathering and data collection to generate knowledge to support your project
Project execution phase
Selecting appropriate methods of information gathering, data collection and material resourcing. of information
The distinct phases which support a coherent and logical argument.
Use of secondary research to inform a primary empirical study.
Qualitative and quantitative research methods.
Selecting a sample of the consumer market, businesses or individuals (those who meet certain characteristics relevant to the research theme) is used to gather data (qualitative or quantitative).
Field work:
Assignment practice
You must produce a comprehensive project management plan that will cover aspects of cost, scope, time, quality, communication, risk and resources.
Look back at earlier slides, and consider using examples from the class activities
Soap factory project –
Perfume project –
Project Plan –
Assignment Practice……
Produce a work breakdown structure and a Gantt Chart to provide timeframes and stages of completion.
[P1, P2, P3, M1, D1]
Practice making a GANTT CHART
