Research Paper

Another A. Student

Professor Steven Davis

December 4, 201*

English 102

Music and Life

With the rapid pace of living in modern society, many people are affected by mental

illnesses, such as anxiety and depressive disorders. Children suffering from depression is an

increasing problem today. It has been shown clearly in the article “‘Alarming’ Rise in Children

Hospitalized with Suicidal Thoughts or Actions,” Susan Scutti states that “The percentage of

younger children and teens hospitalized for suicidal thoughts or actions in the United States

doubled over nearly a decade.” One of the top reasons that children attempt suicide is depression.

Thus, scientists have been currently searching for effective treatments, especially new

medications to help children overcome anxiety. In “Update on the Use of SSRIs and SNRIs with

Children and Adolescents in Clinical Practice,” Jane Garland MD et al. explains that using SSRIs

and SNRIs with children with anxiety is effective to help to decrease suicidal thoughts and

suicide attempts in children and adolescents. However, there are some scientists that say music

therapy is also a good method to help children manage anxiety and depression. According to

Marianne J.E.van der Heifden et al. in the article “The Effects of Perioperative Music

Interventions in Pediatric Surgery: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized

Controlled Trials,” “…music is used in clinical settings around the world and is perceived to be a

noninvasive, inexpensive and useful complementary intervention to reduce pain, anxiety and

distress and to improve relaxation.” This raises the question, to what extent does music therapy

Commented [SD1]: Hook uses quote from research to establish the issue (anxiety and depression).

Commented [SD2]: Concise transition to

Commented [SD3]: Quotes 1: a source that addresses issue (solution = medication).

Commented [SD4]: Quote 2: another source that addresses the issue (solution = music therapy).

treat anxiety in children? However, based on what I have found, I firmly agree that music

therapy can diminish anxiety and depression in children.

The definition of Music therapy according to Gale Encyclopedia of Nursing and Allied

Health is, “Music therapy is the clinical use of music or music-making to assist the physical,

spiritual, cognitive, or social needs of individual patients or groups.” This means that music

therapy is used extensively in many areas such as hospitals, schools, and rehabilitation centers to

treat people of all ages, who are suffering from anxiety and depressive disorders. The goal of

music therapy is to help clients improve not only their mental health, but also their physical

health as well. Moreover, there has been research done to investigate if music therapy helps to

reduce anxiety and pain in pediatric patients. In “Exploring the Effects of Music Therapy on

Pediatric Pain: Phase1,” Annette M. Whitehead-Pleaux, et al. states that, “The author theorizes

that music reduces the patients’ anxiety level, and thus lessens the patients’ perceived pain and

behavioral distress.” This study also suggests that music therapy affects the brain of the patient

by reducing the activity of amygdala in the brain hemisphere, which is assumed to reduce the

possibility and anxiety. As a result, music therapy has been involved in many fields of medicine

and in daily life.

The types of music therapy vary. Therapists use active and passive music therapy to help

clients express emotions and improve emotional and physical well-being. According to the

article “Music Therpy May Reduce Pain and Anxiety in Children Undergoing Medical and

Dental Procedures” Tanja Bekhuis explains that in active music therapy, music is combined with

relaxation exercise, spoken story, and talking with the music therapists. In the same way, the

passive type of music therapy creates a comfortable environment for patients to listen to music,

sing and make music with simple instruments. They are involved in listening to the music. Thus,

Commented [SD5]: Uses opposing views to raise and clearly state the Research Question (RQ).

Commented [SD6]: Thesis answers the RQ with your claim and position.

Commented [SD7]: Definition paragraph: Good sources and supporting details

Commented [SD8]: (Titles of articles go in quotation marks and use capital letters at the beginning of important words.)

Commented [SD9]: Types or categories of music therapy (important background information on topic.

through passive and active music therapy, clients find a safe place to explore their anxiety and

their range of their emotions while feeling cheerful and peaceful when they face sorrow and

anxiety. As a result, most music therapy can be used to induce relaxation and also is used

extensively in this area.

Additionally, both the characteristics of the music as well as the types of musical

instruments help to treat those with anxiety. In “The Effects of Music Assisted Relaxation on

Preoperative Anxiety” Sheri L. Robb et al. explains that several articles talk about elements in

the music. They wrote, “Summarized, these articles tend to refer to the characteristics of music

including tempo, rhythm, pitch, melody, dynamics, harmony, and tone.” This means that in

music therapy the use of tempo and rhythm in the music that fit the heartbeat of the clients,

thereby allowing the clients to feel muscle and breathing relaxation, they also use the low-

pitched sounds to promote relaxation state. Also, using softer quality instruments such as piano,

strings, and flute help children improve their auditory skills and brain function. According to the

article “Early Music Lessons Have Longtime Benefits” in “New York Times”, Perri Klass says

that “When children learn to play a musical instrument, they strengthen a range of auditory

skills.” In the other words, when children recognize the sound, they may pay attention and

improve their listening skills and develop their memory skills. As a result, the process of using

and listening to music can provide a channel for improving mental status that may go beyond

what is easily expressed in words.

Many researchers enter the debate about how music therapy affects anxiety in children.

Some believe that music therapy is the best way to help children feel confident and comfortable.

In contrast, some researchers believe that there are other treatments that may be effective for

anxiety in children such as cognitive behavioral therapy, medication and Virtual Reality. Despite

Commented [SD10]: Supporting details about how it works to help reader fully understand and appreciate the topic (or issue)

disagreements about which therapy to use, music therapy has been widely praised by many

researchers.

Starting with Lauren Boydston et al.’s article “A Review on Anxiety Disorders in

Children and Adolescents,” she explains that cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is one of the

treatments that can help children and adolescents overcome anxiety disorders. CBT is a form of

therapy that can help people to manage their problems by changing their way of thinking. CBT is

usually effective with children in three ways. First, it helps children recognize the anxiety in

themselves. In addition, it helps them to understand that anxiety is a part of their lives while

helping them to gradually deal with fear and sadness. Secondly, CBT improves the psychological

process of children handling fear. Through psychotherapy, children reach out to the wider

society, realize the connection between their thoughts and behaviors, and learn to fight their

anxious and negative thoughts. Lastly, CBT helps children learn how to manage their own

depression by practicing their skills and using those skills. Thus, CBT is considered a helpful

way to assist children in managing their anxiety and fear.

E. Jane Garland agrees with Boydston that CBT is an effective treatment for anxiety, but

she adds that medication also helps. The article “Update on the Use of SSRIs and SNRIs with

Children and Adolescents in Clinical Practice”, written by E.Jane Garland et al. discusses that

there is some current information on the effectiveness of SSRIs in the treatment of anxiety in

children and adolescents. Although SSRIs are not immediately prescribed to fight depression for

children, they are considered as an appropriate clinical treatment for several reasons. First, SSRI

treatment suppresses and reduces suicidal ideas in children and adolescents when they have

anxiety symptoms. Second, it is an effective treatment for patients with severe depression after

several weeks of treatment. Third, for many doctors, SSRIs will achieve the best results when

Commented [SD11]: Essay 2 (Literature Review) begins here.

Commented [SD12]: Source 1: Topic sentence includes/does the following: 1. States the author and title of the source. 2. Paraphrases the source’s answer to your Research Question (RQ).

Commented [SD13]: The rest of the paragraph summarizes the main ideas (but not supporting details) of the source. Notice how this student breaks up the ideas into parts and uses helpful signal phrases like “First,” “Second,” etc.

Commented [SD14]: Excellent transition sentence that shows how the sources are related (agree, but with a difference).

Commented [SD15]: Second sentence states title and author of new source and paraphrases their answer to your RQ.

combined with other therapies such as CBT. Therefore, SSRIs are a highly regarded method for

reducing anxiety in children and adolescents when properly combined with CBT.

Jeffrey I. Gold disagree with Garland that medication is the best method for anxiety in

children. In the article “Effectiveness of Virtual Reality for Pediatric Pain Distraction during IV

Placement”, Gold et al. argue that children will be less stressed and anxious during intravenous

placement when using Virtual Reality (VR). This is thought to be a way to distract children from

the pain without medication. In addition, Gold says that VR helps children relieve stress by

bringing them into a virtual world which has visual and tactile simulation. When children are

using head-mounted displays, they are completely engaged with the VR without paying attention

to what is happening beside them. As a result, many pediatric hospitals have screened cartoons

along with Virtual Environment (VE) aimed at helping children to be distracted and reducing

their pain during intravenous placement. With many trials described in the report, Gold suggests

that VR is a natural way to help children reduce anxiety without using the support of medication

and cognitive behavior therapy. As a result, children who use VR will have their pain reduced up

to four times more often than those without VR.

Sharon W. Linsker agrees with distraction as a treatment, but she disagrees in the method

of distraction and pain reduction. In the article, “Where Music Conveys Child’s Pain”, Linsker

argues that children do not only reduce their physical pain, but they also relieve mental anxiety

through music therapy. She explains that in the Therapeutic Support Program at Hasting High

School, children with emotional problems, unstable mental states, and uncomfortable family

relationships are helped by music therapy. It is a useful backbone for them, and an effective

voice for them to help express their anxious thoughts. More than that, mentally disordered

children express their hopes and their feelings about their chaotic lives through the lyrics that

Commented [SD16]: Transition clearly shows disagreement between sources.

Commented [SD17]: Another great transition putting sources into conversation.

they compose, which help them improve their thinking. Thus, children will be distracted from

their anxiety and dissatisfaction in their lives through music and music therapy.

Stefan Nilsson agrees with Linsker that music therapy has the function of reducing pain

and anxiety in children. In “School-aged Children’s Experiences of Postoperative Music

Medicine on Pain, Distress, and Anxiety” Nilsson et al. explain that there is factual evidence for

the effectiveness of music therapy with children during the postoperative period. Stefan Nilsson

writes, “postoperative music listening reduces morphine consumption or pain, distress, and

anxiety after day surgery”. Thus, music therapy helps children feel more relieved and relaxed

after surgery. It is also considered as a natural sedative while decreasing levels of stress

hormones in their bodies. The influence of music therapy is also demonstrated by the results of

the survey described. In the same article, Stefan Nilsson states the effectiveness of music therapy

with elementary and young high school students. There were 2 groups studied that are music

medicine group and control group. Children in the music medicine group used morphine less

than children in the control group. More than that, children in the music medicine group were

less likely to experience symptoms such as pain, vomiting, crying, and depression as compared

to the control group. This shows that music therapy has a positive effect after surgery, as well as

helping children become calm and relaxed during the recovery period.

Lutz Goldbeck agrees with Nilsson and Linsker that music therapy can help children

overcome anxiety disorders. In the article, “A Randomized Controlled Trial of Multimodal

Music Therapy for Children with Anxiety Disorders”, Goldbeck et al. say that multimodal music

therapy (MMT) is a more successful treatment than the treatment as usual (TAU) and CBT. First,

children with anxiety who are treated using CBT will not gain a good result due to their lack of

verbal ability in expressing themselves. However, music therapy is a more reliable form of

Commented [SD18]: Good transition

Commented [SD19]: Good transition

treatment because the children who suffer from anxiety are not required to communicate

verbally. Second, in the article, Goldbeck’s results show a remission of the anxiety in children

from both MMT and TAU groups. However, remission rates are higher for children in the MMT

group than the TAU group. After treatment, the number of children in the MMT group whose

generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) went into remission were 5, with social phobia 4 and, with

specific phobia 3. On the other hand, children in the TAU group, whose GAD went into

remission were 2 and, 1 for specific phobia. Third, Goldbeck also argues that children with

anxiety who underwent MMT experience long lasting remission compared to children who

underwent TAU and other treatments. Therefore, music therapy is considered the best way help

children overcome the anxiety and depression they face.

While some people argue that cognitive behavior therapy can tremendously reduce

anxiety and depression in children, others say that medication is also useful to help children

overcome their server symptoms of anxiety and depression. However, based on what I have

found, I firmly agree that music therapy can diminish anxiety and depression in children.

Music therapy is a useful method that can be used to help lower anxiety in children by

decreasing their heart rate. According to Sheri L. Robb et al., in “The Effects of Music Assisted

Relaxation on Preoperative Anxiety”, the effectiveness of MAR or Music Assisted Relaxation in

children in anxiety is examined. The study looks at anxiety in pediatric burn victims measuring

their heart rate. The children’s anxiety in the experimental group displayed having decreased

hearts rates after receiving treatment. “A decrease in heart rate was seen for the experimental

group.” In the same article, Robb points out that using soft music (less than 65 dB) and slow

rhythm will gradually decrease the heart rate too. Moreover, music therapy has been chosen as a

positive way to relieve stress by reducing heart rates before and during special treatment for

Commented [SD20]: Thesis is restated in the transition paragraph beginning Essay 3. (This is necessary repetition since the reader may have forgotten your thesis several pages above.)

Commented [SD21]: Essay 3 begins here.

Commented [SD22]: Topic sentence = Reason 1

children. An example that confirms this research is shown when patients who received MAR

intervention preoperatively experienced significant decreases in anxiety. In this same study, it

was discovered that burn patients who received MAR before and after surgery displayed lower

levels of anxiety than patients who did not receive MAR. These decreases were evident in

“systolic blood pressure” and “double product index” (the product of heart rate and systolic

blood pressure divided by 100) compared to patients did not get the music intervention.

Therefore, the reduction of children’s’ heart rates by using music therapy is used effectively to

minimize anxiety before and after surgery.

Another reason music therapy is an effective treatment for anxiety in children and others

is that it is healing. According to Stuart McClean et al. in the article “The Healing and Spiritual

Properties of Music Therapy at a Cancer Care Center”, music therapy is closely linked to

spirituality and humanity’s well-being. Music therapy makes our spirituality greater and relieves

anxiety based on four aspects: “transcendence, faith and hope, sense of meaning and purpose and

search for connectedness”. With the transcendence aspect, McClean states that music therapy has

made us relaxed and happy. He also says that music therapy is a healing experience because it

uplifts your life and provides positive energy in your life, making you feel alive again after

experiencing stress and anxiety. With the connectedness aspect, McClean says that close

interaction is also seen in the process of playing together, and being in harmony. It shows the

elevated level of trust and communication in music overcomes loneliness and serious illnesses.

In the meaning -making aspect, McClean points out that music therapy helps us find old

memories, whether they be happy or sad. That makes a lot of sense in life.

Another aspect is faith and hope. McClean points out that through music therapy, the

patient feels more comfortable and loves life more. They have reduced anxiety, more confidence

Commented [SD23]: Evidence = Research from source

Commented [SD24]: This body paragraph has the same template as above (Reason + research as evidence.)

Commented [SD25]: Same template as above, but with more paraphrasing than quoting here.

in their lives and their future. Also, their appearance and spirit are deeply influenced by music.

My own experience validates this research. When I was little I was insecure young person, I

shared very little and played very little with my friends. However, my mother changed me by

teaching me piano. I trained as a pianist in the choir of our church. Since then I have become

more confident and open to everyone, less lonely and less anxious. Therefore, music therapy is

an effective tool to increase the value of the human spirit, and reduce stress in life.

Similarly, music therapy is an actual treatment for anxiety in children because it distracts

them from their pain. In the article, "Exploring the Effects of Music Therapy on Pediatric Pain:

Phase 1,” Annette M.Whitehead-Pleaux et al. state that music has influenced the human brain,

specifically the central nervous system. “Music reduces the activity of the amygdala, which is

part of the emotional-affective component of pain.” Thus, by affecting the human brain, music

therapy has been shown to be a very effective analgesic. A statistic illustrates this research: 200

children are included in an experiment. They are using music during injections to reduces pain.

Two hundred children were divided into five groups. The results show the music distraction

group achieves the greatest amount of pain relief during injections. Moreover, in another article

“Music, Cancer, and Immunity”, Brian Abrams states that music therapy distracts the pain of

cancer patients by helping them regain their psychological balance and their balance in their lives

in general. For children with cancer undergoing bone marrow aspiration, music therapy helps

them calm their anxiety and distract them from pain during their treatment. More than that,

copying the emotions of others in their group through music also distracts children's attention in

chemotherapy. Therefore, music therapy is often effective in reducing pain and anxiety through

distraction.

Commented [SD26]: Same template or formula (Reason + research as evidence)

Moreover, music therapy is a non-verbal treatment for children with anxiety. Children

with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) have higher anxiety than other children because they do

not know how to express themselves clearly. In this research “A Randomized Controlled Trial of

Multimodal Music Therapy for Children with Anxiety Disorders,” Lutz Goldbeck et al. point out

that music therapy is a non-verbal treatment that helps verbally inhibited children with autism

overcome their obstacles by helping improve their perception, expression and regulation of

emotions. Other studies reinforce. In the article, “Effects of Relational Music Therapy on

Communication of Children with Autism: A Randomized Controlled Study” Gustavo Schulz

Gattino states that using Relational Music Therapy (RMT) in non-verbal way has a positive

effect on children with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). First, Gattino explains that RMT is

primarily focused on developing the capacity and dynamics of autistic children. Autistic children

do not know how to use the language to express themselves. Music therapy attempts to examine

the behavior and psychology of the child's self and then guides them to potential musical

interests such as singing, composing, and even playing musical games. Second, music therapy

does not try to force treatment on children, but instead creates a comfortable environment with

various musical instruments to attract them to engage in the therapy. By playing musical

instruments, children with autism can better communicate. Sometimes music therapy also invites

the parents of autistic children to participate in therapeutic sessions, because it is an opportunity

for those children to improve their difficulties and an opportunity for them to develop good

relationships with their families. Therefore, mainly through observation and encouragement,

Relational Music Therapy has opened a door of hope for autistic children. As a result, children

with anxiety get better when they use this treatment.

Commented [SD27]: Same template (reasons + research as evidence)

Commented [SD28]: (Notice how well the writer breaks down and explains these complex ideas from the sources.)

Some therapists and patients might object that music therapy is no more effective at

healing than other treatments. Therapists in every field would consider it their goal to help

patients find a “sense of meaning and purpose and search for connectedness”. It is most clearly

expressed through Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), a kind of psychotherapy that treats

problems and changes patients’ emotions, behaviors, and thoughts. CBT focuses on solutions,

encouraging patients to change their behavior. Otherwise, Dialectical behavioral therapy (DBT)

emphasizes taking responsibility for one’s problems and helps children examine how they deal

with conflict and intense negative emotions. For some patients with high levels of anxiety and

depression, DBT is clearly an effective form of mental health treatment. Nevertheless, I still

maintain that music therapy offers a highly effective treatment for anxiety and depression for a

wide range of individuals. According to Harvard Dictionary of Music, “music has been found

useful in working with patients with a variety of disorders, including autism, cerebral palsy,

brain damage, and mental retardation. Therapy can help to establish communication with the

emotionally troubled and to enhance motor control and learning ability in some cases.” It shows

that music therapy still the best treatment despite the objection disagreement.

Due to the realities of today’s society, many children around us lack the attention of

families and societies, even suffering from physical and psychological distress. If we do not

promote the use of music therapy to treat children with anxiety, they will be more withdrawn and

depressed, which will reduce their quality of health. As a person who has a passion for music, I

will encourage the benefits of music therapy to people in my Asian community, especially in

developing Asian countries where music therapy is rarely used. If the growth of music therapy is

supported, then music therapy can potentially be a bridge for western and orient cultures, and

expose children from both cultures to unfamiliar forms of music to aid in their music therapy

Commented [SD29]: Topic sentence of counterargument paragraph states objection/disagreement with your thesis or one of your reasons. This objection is a disagreement with the writer’s thesis/claim about music therapy in general.

Commented [SD30]: Summarize the disagreement, giving it fair treatment to show objectivity.

Commented [SD31]: Great transition back to the writer’s original thesis, which is clearly restated.

Commented [SD32]: Answer to disagreement = evidence from a highly authoritative source (Harvard Dictionary of Music).

Commented [SD33]: Part 1 of Conclusion: restates thesis with added importance

treatments. As a result, music therapy is not only for children with anxiety and depression but, it

may also be useful to people of all ages who may be suffering anxiety and depression. Also,

music therapy is useful in allowing people from different countries to work together because

unlike forms of therapy that is language based, music therapy does not restrict people who have

difficulty with verbal expression to participate in the treatment. According to "Music Therapy.”

Encyclopedia of Counseling, Wheeler, Barbara L states that “Music is such an important part of

life that some find it difficult to imagine what the world would be like without it.” We cannot

deny music gives meaning to young and old people throughout the world. A world without music

would certainly be a bleak world, because music is a tool that helps us balance our lives, improve

our health and relieve anxiety.

Commented [SD34]: Part 2 of Conclusion: applies thesis about music therapy to a group or groups affected by the issue and topic (mental health and music).

Commented [SD35]: Part 3 of Conclusion: a final thought that leaves the reader with something to think about (often a warning, call to action, or look into a brighter future).

Work Cited

Abrams, B. Music, Cancer and Immunity, Clinical Journal of Oncology Nursing 5(5):1-3. 2001

Bekhuis, Tanja. “Music Therapy May Reduce Pain and Anxiety in Children Undergoing Medical

and Dental Procedures.” The journal of evidence-Based dental practice, U.S. National

Library of Medicine, Dec. 2009, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2778574/.

Boydston, Lauren, et al. "A Review on Anxiety Disorders in Children and Adolescents." Journal

of Alternative Medicine Research, vol. 8, no. 4, Oct. 2016, pp. 421-429. EBSCOhost,

search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=120246409&site=ehost-live.

Ehrich, K. (2000, Aug 13). LEARNING; music therapists tune into patients. Boston Herald

Retrieved from https://ezproxy.ccp.edu:2152/docview/401815296?accountid=9969

Frey, Rebecca J. "Music Therapy." Gale Encyclopedia of Nursing and Allied Health, edited by

Gale, 2nd edition, 2013. Credo Reference,

http://ezproxy.ccp.edu:2063/content/entry/galegnaah/music_therapy/0?institutionId=2489

. Accessed 09 Oct 2017.

Gattino, Gustavo Schulz, et al. "Effects of Relational Music Therapy on Communication of

Children with Autism: A Randomized Controlled Study." Nordic Journal of Music

Therapy, vol. 20, no. 2, June 2011, pp. 142-154. EBSCOhost,

doi:10.1080/08098131.2011.566933.

Goldbeck, L., and T. Ellerkamp. “A Randomized Controlled Trial of Multimodal Music Therapy

for Children with Anxiety Disorders.” Journal of Music Therapy, vol. 49, no. 4, Jan.

2012, pp. 395–413., doi:10.1093/jmt/49.4.395.

Gold, Jeffrey I., et al. "Effectiveness of Virtual Reality for Pediatric Pain Distraction during IV

Placement." Cyberpsychology & Behavior, vol. 9, no. 2, Apr. 2006, pp. 207-212.

EBSCOhost, doi:10.1089/cpb.2006.9.207.

Goldbeck, Lutz and Thomas Ellerkamp. "A Randomized Controlled Trial of Multimodal Music

Therapy for Children with Anxiety Disorders." Journal of Music Therapy, vol. 49, no. 4,

2012, pp. 395-413. EBSCOhost,

search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=cmedm&AN=23705344&site=ehost-

live.

Jane Garland, E, et al. "Update on the Use of Ssris and Snris with Children and Adolescents in

Clinical Practice." Journal of the Canadian Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry

= Journal De L'Academie Canadienne De Psychiatrie De L'Enfant Et De L'Adolescent,

vol. 25, no. 1, 2016, pp. 4-10. EBSCOhost,

search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=cmedm&AN=27047551&site=ehost-

live.

Klass, M.D. Perri. “Early Music Lessons Have Longtime Benefits.” The New York Times, The

New York Times, 10 Sept. 2012, well.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/09/10/early-music-

lessons-have-longtime-benefits/.

Linsker, S. W. (1996, Jan 21). Where music conveys child's pain. New York TimesRetrieved

from https://ezproxy.ccp.edu:2152/docview/430438369?accountid=9969

McClean, Stuatt, et al. The Healing and Spiritual Properties of Music Therapy at a ... THE

JOURNAL OF ALTERNATIVE AND COMPLEMENTARY MEDICINE,

www.bing.com/cr?IG=790346890ED34E62B03621BA27073974&CID=0B8E4B9C6DA

26E833B0040DC6CA46F12&rd=1&h=kzM0rP9VkpPhScNm51Jxi1gGpOp06mGiFd6Zl

447CEs&v=1&r=http%3a%2f%2fconnection.ebscohost.com%2fc%2farticles%2f744347

02%2fhealing-spiritual-properties-music-therapy-cancer-care-center&p=DevEx,5068.1.

"Music therapy." The Harvard Dictionary of Music, edited by Don Michael Randel, Harvard

University Press, 4th edition, 2003. Credo Reference,

https://ezproxy.ccp.edu:2184/content/entry/harvdictmusic/music_therapy/0?institutionId=

2489. Accessed 04 Dec 2017.

Nilsson, Stefan, et al. "School-Aged Children's Experiences of Postoperative Music Medicine on

Pain, Distress, and Anxiety." Paediatric Anaesthesia, vol. 19, no. 12, Dec. 2009, pp.

1184-1190. EBSCOhost, doi:10.1111/j.1460-9592.2009.03180.x.

Robb, Sheri L., et al. "The Effects of Music Assisted Relaxation on Preoperative Anxiety."

Journal of Music Therapy, vol. 32, Spring1995, pp. 2-21. EBSCOhost,

search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=eft&AN=508555064&site=ehost-live.

Robb, Sheri L., et al. “Effects of Music Assisted Relaxation on Preoperative Anxiety 1 | Journal

of Music Therapy | Oxford Academic.” OUP Academic, Oxford University Press, 1 Mar.

1995, academic.oup.com/jmt/article-abstract/32/1/2/1009682/The-Effects-of-Music-

Assisted-Relaxation-on.

Scutti, S. (2017, May 04). 'Alarming' rise in children hospitalized with suicidal thoughts or

actions. CNN Wire Service Retrieved from

https://ezproxy.ccp.edu:2152/docview/1895237100?accountid=9969

Van der Heijden M, Oliai Araghi S, van Dijk M, Jeekel J, Hunink M. The Effects of

Perioperative Music Interventions in Pediatric Surgery: A Systematic Review and Meta-

Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Plos One [serial on the Internet]. (2015, Aug

6), [cited October 5, 2017]; 10(8): e0133608. Available from: MEDLINE.

Whitehead-Pleaux, Annette M, et al. "Exploring the Effects of Music Therapy on Pediatric Pain:

Phase 1." Journal of Music Therapy, vol. 44, no. 3, 2007, pp. 217-241. EBSCOhost,

search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=cmedm&AN=17645386&site=ehost-

live.

Wheeler, Barbara L. "Music Therapy." Encyclopedia of Counseling, Frederick T. Leong, Sage

Publications, 1st edition, 2008. Credo Reference,

https://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/sagecouns/music_therapy/0. Accessed 20

Nov 2017.