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102-ch7-Ethnicities-2018.pptx
Chapter 7 Lecture
Contemporary Human Geography 3rd Edition
Chapter 7:
Ethnicities
Marc Healy
Elgin Community College
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
James Rubenstein
7.1 Ethnicity & Race
Race and Racism
Ethnicity is identity with a group of people who share the cultural traditions of a particular homeland or hearth.
It is often confused with race, which traditionally has been thought of as identity with a group of people who share a biological ancestor.
The distribution of persons of color matters to geographers because it is a factor that affects many activities of daily life.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
James Rubenstein
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7.1 Ethnicity & Race
Ethnicities and Races in the United States
The U.S. census shows the difficulty in distinguishing between ethnicity and race.
President Barack Obama illustrates the complexity of designating race and ethnicity in the United States.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
James Rubenstein
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7.1 Ethnicity & Race
Ethnicities and Races in the United States
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
James Rubenstein
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7.1 Ethnicity & Race
Ethnicities and Races in Brazil
Like the United States, Brazil is composed of people whose ancestors emigrated from many places.
Genetic studies show that roughly 70 percent of Brazilians have predominantly European ancestry, 20 percent predominantly African, and 10 percent predominantly Native American; however, most Brazilians have mixed backgrounds.
https:// www.nytimes.com/2018/01/30/travel/brazil-all-female-drums-bahia-banda-dida.html
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
James Rubenstein
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7.1 Ethnicity & Race
Ethnicities and Races in Brazil
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
James Rubenstein
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7.2 Distribution of U.S. Ethnicities
Asian Americans
Asian Americans are clustered in the West, including more than 40 percent of the population of Hawaii.
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7.2 Distribution of U.S. Ethnicities
African Americans
African Americans are clustered in the Southeast, comprising at least one-fourth of the population in several states.
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7.2 Distribution of U.S. Ethnicities
Hispanics
Hispanics are clustered in the Southwest, especially Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, and California.
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7.2 Distribution of U.S. Ethnicities
Voluntary Migration from Latin America and Asia
Initially, most Hispanics and Asian Americans were recent immigrants, but currently are children or grandchildren of immigrants.
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7.3 Ethnic Landscape
Ethnic Enclaves
An ethnic enclave is a place with a high concentration of an ethnic group that is distinct from those in the surrounding area.
Ethnic enclaves offer newcomers economic support, such as employment opportunities, affordable housing, and loans.
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Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
James Rubenstein
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7.3 Ethnic Landscape
Clustering in Large Cities
African Americans and Hispanics are highly clustered in urban enclaves.
Ethnic concentrations in U.S. cities increasingly consist of African Americans who migrate from the South or immigrants from Latin America and Asia.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
James Rubenstein
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7.3 Ethnic Landscape
Changing Ethnic Enclaves
The distribution of ethnic enclaves in U.S. cities has changed, as over time ethnic enclaves of recent immigrants in cities have shifted to their descendants moving to the suburbs, sometimes forming ethnoburbs.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
James Rubenstein
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7.3 Ethnic Landscape
Changing Ethnic Enclaves
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
James Rubenstein
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7.4 African American Migration
Forced Migration from Africa
A number of European countries adopted an efficient triangular trading pattern called the triangular slave trade.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
James Rubenstein
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7.4 African American Migration
Interregional Migration of African Americans
Many African Americans live in cities throughout the Northeast, Midwest, and West after migrating from the rural South.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
James Rubenstein
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7.4 African American Migration
Intraregional Migration of African Americans
When they reached the big cities, African American immigrants clustered in one or two neighborhoods.
These areas became known as ghettos, which gradually expanded along major avenues.
“White flight” occurred, encouraged by blockbusting, as many whites chose to leave rather than integrate.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
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7.4 African American Migration
Intraregional Migration of African Americans
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© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
James Rubenstein
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/freedom-riders-jim-crow-laws/
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7.5 Segregation by Ethnicity & Race
“Separate but Equal” in the United States
With Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that “separate but equal” treatment of blacks and whites was constitutional.
Southern states enacted “Jim Crow” laws to segregate blacks from whites.
With Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas (1954) the Supreme Court found that having separate schools for blacks and whites was unconstitutional.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
James Rubenstein
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7.5 Segregation by Ethnicity & Race
“Separate but Equal” in the United States
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
James Rubenstein
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7.5 Segregation by Ethnicity & Race
Apartheid in South Africa
South Africa had apartheid laws in the later twentieth century to separate races into different geographic areas.
The South African government designated so-called homelands for blacks.
The white-minority government of South Africa repealed the apartheid laws in 1991, and in 1994 Nelson Mandela was overwhelmingly elected the country’s first black president.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
James Rubenstein
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7.5 Segregation by Ethnicity & Race
Apartheid in South Africa
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
James Rubenstein
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7.6 Ethnicities & Nationalities
Nationality in the United States
Nationality is generally kept reasonably distinct from ethnicity and race in common usage in the United States:
Nationality identifies citizens of the United States of America, including those born in the country and those who immigrated and became citizens.
Ethnicity identifies groups with distinct ancestry and cultural traditions, such as African Americans, Hispanic Americans, Chinese Americans, or Polish Americans.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
James Rubenstein
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7.6 Ethnicities & Nationalities
Nationalism
Nationalism is loyalty and devotion to a nationality.
An important example of a centripetal force, which is an attitude that tends to unify people and enhance support for a state
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
James Rubenstein
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7.6 Ethnicities & Nationalities
Clarifying Ethnicity and Nationality
Sorting out ethnicity and nationality can be challenging for many.
In the United Kingdom, Scots are a clearly distinct ethnicity, but many Scots also regard themselves as belonging to a distinct nationality.
Africa contains several thousand ethnicities (usually referred to as tribes) with a common sense of language, religion, and social customs.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
James Rubenstein
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7.6 Ethnicities & Nationalities
Clarifying Ethnicity and Nationality
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
James Rubenstein
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7.7 Ethnic Diversity in Western Asia
Dozens of ethnicities inhabit Western Asia, allocated among seven nationalities.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
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7.7 Ethnic Diversity in Western Asia
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Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
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7.8 Ethnic Cleansing in Southeast Europe
Yugoslavia: A Multiethnic State
The Balkan Peninsula, a complex assemblage of ethnicities, has long been a hotbed of unrest.
Yugoslavia was created after World War I to unite several Balkan ethnicities that spoke similar South Slavic languages.
Rivalries among ethnicities resurfaced in Yugoslavia during the 1980s after Tito’s death, leading ultimately to its breakup into seven small countries.
Church in Dubrovnik
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
James Rubenstein
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7.8 Ethnic Cleansing in Southeast Europe
Yugoslavia: A Multiethnic State
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
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7.8 Ethnic Cleansing in Southeast Europe
Ethnic Cleansing in Bosnia & Herzegovina
To strengthen their cases for breaking away from Bosnia & Herzegovina, Serbs and Croats engaged in ethnic cleansing of Bosnian Muslims.
Accords reached in Dayton, Ohio in 1996 gave Bosnian Muslims, who were originally half the population, only one-fourth of the land.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
James Rubenstein
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7.8 Ethnic Cleansing in Southeast Europe
Ethnic Cleansing in Bosnia & Herzegovina
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Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
James Rubenstein
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7.8 Ethnic Cleansing in Southeast Europe
Ethnic Cleansing in Kosovo
After the breakup of Yugoslavia, Serbia remained a multiethnic country; in the province of Kosovo, ethnic Albanians comprised 90 percent of the population.
Serbia took direct control of Kosovo and launched a campaign of ethnic cleansing of the Albanian majority.
Languages: Albanian (official), Serbian (official), Bosnian, Turkish, Roma
Ethnic Groups: Albanians 88%, Serbs 7%, other 5% (Bosniak, Gorani, Roma, Turk, Ashkali, Egyptian)
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http://www.countryreports.org/travel/Kosovo.htm
7.8 Ethnic Cleansing in Southeast Europe
Ethnic Cleansing in Kosovo
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
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7.9 Ethnic Cleansing & Genocide in Africa
Ethnic Cleansing and Genocide in Sudan
South Sudan
Black Christian and animist ethnicities in the south and northern Muslims fought a war between 1983 and 2005, ending with the establishment of South Sudan as an independent state in 2011.
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Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
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7.9 Ethnic Cleansing & Genocide in Africa
Ethnic Cleansing and Genocide in Sudan
South Sudan
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Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
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7.9 Ethnic Cleansing & Genocide in Africa
Ethnic Cleansing and Genocide in Sudan
Abyei
A peacekeeping force from Ethiopia is preventing either Sudan or South Sudan from seizing control of Abyei, a small border area inhabited by ethnicities aligned with both Sudan and South Sudan.
December 10, 2017 (SSB) — South Sudan that won independence from Sudan in 2011 was a news to everybody. This was because of the liberation struggle that took us more than several decades in the war. We are to remind ourselves that the independent South Sudan was also another independence of the SPLM/SPLA administrates areas. This was because of the strategy of the comprehensive peace agreements that gave South Sudanese their rights to be independent Country first and then liberated the administrates areas using public policies.
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https://paanluelwel.com/2017/12/10/abyei-and-bona-malwal-is-south-sudanese-sacrificing-the-abyei-to-the-sudan/
7.9 Ethnic Cleansing & Genocide in Africa
Ethnic Cleansing and Genocide in Sudan
Kordofan
Ethnicities in Kordofan, sympathetic to both Sudan and South Sudan, fight over control of scarce resources of importance to their practice of agriculture, known as pastoral nomadism.
The humanitarian crisis in East Africa is portrayed largely as a lack of food but ongoing political dimensions must be acknowledged for progress to be made
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https://mediadiversified.org/2017/05/15/south-kordofan-and-blue-nile-the-sudanese-border-regions-caught-between-drought-and-war/
7.9 Ethnic Cleansing & Genocide in Africa
Ethnic Cleansing and Genocide in Sudan
Darfur
Darfur’s black African ethnicities launched a rebellion in 2003. Marauding Arab nomads, known as Janjaweed, with the support of the Sudanese government, crushed Darfur’s black population, an action regarded by the United Nations as genocide.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
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7.9 Ethnic Cleansing & Genocide in Africa
Ethnic Cleansing and Genocide in Sudan
Eastern Front
Ethnicities in the east have fought Sudanese government forces, with the support of neighboring Eritrea, over profits from oil.
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7.9 Ethnic Cleansing & Genocide in Africa
Hutus and Tutsis in Central Africa
Hutu farmers and Tutsi herders have engaged in large-scale ethnic cleansing and genocide.
Rwanda, a tiny country in central Africa, has suffered from especially severe genocide.
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7.9 Ethnic Cleansing & Genocide in Africa
Civil Wars in Congo
The conflict between Hutus and Tutsis spilled into neighboring countries, especially the Democratic Republic of Congo.
Congo, one of the most multiethnic countries, is considered to have suffered from the world’s deadliest wars in the past 70 years.
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Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
James Rubenstein
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7.9 Ethnic Cleansing & Genocide in Africa
Civil Wars in Congo
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Instructor Resource DVD for Contemporary Human Geography, 3e
James Rubenstein
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