Watch video and write short article
Zang Xueye
101Lec2PPWinter19.pptxProfessor Don martin
Introduction to Human Communication
Definition of Communication
Dynamic
Symbolic
Transactional
Irreversible
Process
Models of Communication
Componential Models of Communication
Developmental Models of Communication
Relationships – Knapp – 1984
Groups – tuckman – 1965
Organizations - Jablin - 1984
Developmental Models
Relationships
Initiation
Experimentation
Intensification
Integration
Bonding
Groups
Forming
Norming
Storming
Performing
Organizations
Anticipation
Encounter
Adjustment and Adaptation
Assimilation or Departure
Self Concept: Introduction
The Self Concept and Interpersonal Communication
Self Concept and Social Interaction
The Self and Communication
The Self Concept
How one views oneself?
How does the self concept form?
How does the self concept change?
Positive and Negative Self Concepts
Self Esteem Levels
Attitudes toward Self
Let’s create a report card
Identify some positive and negative attitudes that you have toward yourself
Attempt to connect the attitude to a person that has provided you with feedback
Exercise
Interpersonal Relationships
Self Esteem and Interpersonal Communication
Impact on your relationships
String of successes
Receiving a lot of praise from family members and others
Positive attitudes toward your personal knowledge, competencies and skills.
High Self Esteem
String of Failures
Receiving a lot of criticism from others
Negative attitudes toward your personal knowledge competencies and skills.
Low Self Esteem
Identify someone who you believe has low self esteem because of an overly critical parent, teacher or friend.
Identify someone who you believe to believe is clinging to outdated information about themselves.
Exercise
How do we behave when our self Concept is criticized or challenged?
“You need to practice your tennis!”
“You need to get out more!”
“you weren’t very nice to your friend!”
We display defensive patterns of behavior.
Defensiveness
Defense Mechanisms
Denial Verbal Aggression
Regression Compensation
Displacement Undoing
Disassociation Repression (Uncons.)
Projection Rationalization
Gibb’s Categories
Evaluation vs. Description
Control vs. Problem Orientation
Strategy vs. Spontaneity
Neutrality vs. Empathy
Superiority vs. Equality
Certainty vs. Provisionalism
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Pick three of these categories
Write examples of the comments that would suggest each descriptor
Exercise
Self and Other
Self Directed Thinking
Other Directed Thinking
Codirected thinking
Self Disclosure
Too much
Too little
Just Right
Sensory Stimulation
Sensory Organization
Sensory interpretation
Perception
Stimulation – you see, hear or smell something. Selective attention – tune into the fulfilling or enjoyable. Exposure – connect with people
Organization – you group people who are similar, dissimilar, categorize things, good bad, intelligent, unintelligent
Interpretation – attach subjective evaluations to what you are hearing. Often influenced by conditions around you or how you are feeling physically.
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Internal Attributions
External Attributions
Attribution Theory (Heider, 1958)
Self serving bias
Fundamental Attribution error
Attribution Errors
Self serving – take credit for positive – deny responsibility for negative
Fundamental – people do things because that’s the way that they are
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Self Serving Bias
Definition of the Self-Serving Bias
The self-serving bias is people's tendency to attribute positive events to their own character but attribute negative events to external factors. Example
Positive event - You get an A for an essay and you attribute it to your own awesomeness! (internal attribution)
Negative event - You get a C on an essay and you attribute it to your professor not having explained what they wanted well enough. (external attribution
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Fundamental Attribution Error
Place undue emphasis on internal attributes when explaining someone else’s behavior (Values)
Ignore Situational or Contextual Attributes
Primacy recency (Asch (1946)
Consistency (Heider, 1946)
Stereotyping (davito, 1998)
Perception Processes
Primacy recency
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CREATED BY SOURCE AND RECEIVER
Meanings are WITHIN PEOPLE
MORE THAN WORDS AND GESTURES
Verbal Messages
Connotative
Denotative
Connotation/denotation Exercise
Meaning
Denote – dictionary shared meaning
Connote – personal and subjective association
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Whorf Sapir Hypothesis
A theory developed by Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf that states that the structure of a language determines or greatly influences the modes of thought and behavior characteristic of the culture in which it is spoken.
Whorf Sapir Hypothesis
What is an example of Sapir Whorf hypothesis?
The term culture refers to the beliefs, norms, and values exhibited by a society. An example of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis is how sexist language influences the way in which our society views men and women. For instance, we use words like 'fireman,' 'policeman,' and 'male nurse.'
Discussion
Male nurse – suggest nursing is a career dominated by women which is untrue and sexist.
Sexist – suggesting men shouldn’t be nurses
Same argument – policemen, firemen…
Language shaping male vs. female professional stereotypes.
Rhetoric of social movements – Me Too
Silent Protest of Federal Works
Culture and Context
Meaning can be culture bound
Meaning can be context bound
Culture Bound Language
Chuffed-pleased Mate-friend
Knackered-tired Ledge-legend
Bants-banter Sherbets-beer fiz
Cheeky-rude Trollied-drunk
Cuppa-cup of Narky-moody
Bum-rear end Bloody-damn
Cracking-excellenT Arsed-can’t Be botherED
British Words for Casual Use
Arsed can’t be bothered chuffed – happy
Gaggin – desperately need cheeky – rude or irritating
Ledge – legend sherbets – few beers
Narky – bad tempered trollied – drunk
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Context Bound Language
Medical terminology used in healthcare settings.
Language used in teaching either Math or Computer Sciences course. Theoretical Concepts or Jargon unique to a particular context.
Biased Language
Race
Ethnicity
Nationality
Religion
Politically Incorrect
Bum
Crazy
Fat
Ghetto
White Trash
Garbage Man
Midget
Secretary
Ugly
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Metacommunication
Communication Channels
Snap Chat
Phone
Skype
Channel Suitability and Channel Size
Nonverbal Communication
Emblems
Illustrators – Next Slide
Affect displays – Emotions Handout
Regulators
adaptors
Physical Movements
Batons
Ideographs
Kinetographs
Pictographs
Spatial movements
Deictic
Illustrators
Individual Treatment of Time
Individual Patterns of Time Related Behavior
Value judgments Associated with Treatment of Time
Time
Intimate 0-18 inches
Personal 18-48 inches
Social 48-12 feet
Public 12- 25 feet
Space: Edward Hall
Giving advice
Asking favors
Emphasizing a point
When socializing
Heightened emotionality
Tactile Communication
Tactile and Spatial Violations
Mehrabian: Interpreting Nonverbal Cues
Immediacy – liking pleasure closeness
Arousal – excitement and interest
Dominance – status, position, power
Paralanguage
Voice Quality Special Vocalizations Voice Qualifiers Vocal Segregates
Qualities: resonance , articulation Characteristics: moaning, groaning, laughing crying, Qualifiers: volume pitch rate….
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Turn yielding cues
Suppression of Speaking Cues
Back Channel Cues
Turn Requesting Cues
Duncan: Turn Taking
Communication and Culture Notes
Culture
Shared Values
Influence how you think and act
Influence how you evaluate and judge others
Function of values
Behaviors that seem normal from our cultural perspective
Behaviors that seem strange or wrong from our perspective
Culture and Rules
Cultural rules are taken for granted
Rules become imprinted on us from an early age
Values and Rules are ingrained subconsciously
Autonomy
Independence
Success
Competition
Self Determination
Cultural Differences: Three Generalizations
Cultures are either high context or low context
Cultures are either sequential or synchronic
Cultures are either affective or neutral
Low Context Cultures
Industrialized societies – United States, Canada, UK and Germany emphasize written messages
Heavily reliant upon technological communication channels
Low context cultures expect messages to be explicit and specific
High Context Cultures
Japan – has access to latest technology but prefers face to face communication
Mediterranean, Slav, Central European, Latin American, African, Arab, Asian, American Indian
Leave much of the message unspecified.
Sequential
North American, German Swedish, and Dutch
Pay close attention to each agenda item, issue or concern at a time – proceed logically
Linear progression reflected in communication
Bank Teller waits on one person at a time until a transaction is finished
Synchronic
South America, Southern Europe and Asia
Time flows in somewhat of a circular manner
Past, present and future are interrelated
Bank teller waits on one person, talks with his manager, and socializes with another customer simultaneously
High Affect Cultures : Normative Patterns
Laughing
Crying
Scowling
Grimacing
High Affect Cultures
Italy
France
United States
Singapore
Low Affect Cultures
Japan
Indonesia
UK
Norway
Netherlands
Listening
Poor Listening
Listening without a critical intention
Good Listening
Listening with empathy
Empathy – placing yourself in the position of the other
Messages
Content Dimension of Message Structure
Intent Dimension of Message Structure
“It’s raining outside!”
Steps to Listening Actively
Get ready to listening
Make the shift from speaker to listener a complete one.
Listen actively
Withhold evaluation as a listener
OARS MODEL
O Open Ended Questions
A Acceptance Cues
R Restatement Techniques
S Silence
Types of Non listening
(Try to think of examples of friends who enact these problematic patterns of behavior.)
Pseudo – listening
Stage Hogging
Selective Listening - things you are interested in
Insulated Listening – ignore unpleasant subjects
Defensive Listening
Ambushing
Insensitive Listening – Content Only
Questioning – either clarification or control
Supportive – both positive and negative
Theoretical transitions
Relationships – Groups
Knapp’s Phases of Relational deterioration
Social exchange Theory
Social penetration theory
Managing Relationships
Differentiating - dissimilarities
Circumscribing – quantity and quality of Exchange
Stagnation – stuck in a rut or trapped
Avoidance - exist separately
Termination – end their connection
Knapp Phases of Relational Deterioration
Social behavior results from an exchange process
People weight benefits and risks of relationship
When risks outweigh benefits individuals will terminate or abandon relationships.
Homans: Social Exchange Theory
Biographical data
Preference in clothes food and music
Goals aspirations
Religious convictions
Deeply held fears and fantasies
Concepts of self
Altman and Taylor: Social Penetration Theory
Applications Within Relationships and Workgroups
