Graphical summary
imour33
10-PrimateTaxonomy2.pptx
Primate Taxonomy 2
Anthropology 2200
Infraorder: Anthropoidea
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Infraorder: Anthropoidea Two Parvorders
Platyrrhini
“Broad-nosed
Catarrhini
“Hook-nosed”
2:1:3:3/2
2:1:2:3
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Anthropoids: Platyrrhini
Central/South American Monkeys
Latin and South America
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Platyrrhini: Ceboidea
Central/South American monkeys
Arboreal quadrupeds
Suspensory locomotion
Many = Prehensile tail
Not in African/Asian Monkeys
Diverse diet
Leaves, fruit, insects
Spider Monkey
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Platyrrhini: Ceboidea
Two Families
Atelidae
Howler, Owl, Spider, Titi, and Woolly monkeys, Uakaris, and Sakis
Cebidae
Marmosets, Tamarins, Capuchins, Squirrel Monkeys
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Platyrrhini: Ceboidea: Cebidae
Marmosets/Tamarins
Retain claws instead of nails
Smallest Platyrrhini
Twin (Chimerism)
Insectivores
Unusual dental formula
2:1:3:2
Golden Lion Tamarin
Silvery Marmoset
Emperor tamarin
Platyrrhini: Ceboidea: Cebidae
Capuchin monkeys
Name from Order of Friars Minor Capuchin
Often in Movies!
White Fronted Capuchin
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Platyrrhini: Ceboidea: Atelidae
Includes subfamilies:
Aotidae
Pitheciidae
Atelidae
Alouattinae
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Platyrrhini: Ceboidea: Atelidae
Owl/Night Monkey
Only truly nocturnal monkey
Vocal calls/Sent Marking
Susceptible to human forms of Malaria
Used for malaria research
Platyrrhini: Ceboidea: Atelidae
Pitheciidae
Titis
Sakis
Uakaris
White Faced Saki
Uakari
Titi Monkeys (morning calls)
Uakari
Saki
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Bald uakari monkey
Platyrrhini: Ceboidea: Atelidae
Spider monkeys
Wooly monkeys
Only monkeys with prehensile tails (aside from Howler)
Spider Monkey
Wooly Monkey
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Platyrrhini: Ceboidea: Atelidae
Howler monkey
Prehensile tail
Make loud vocalizations
Howler monkey
Platyrrhini: Ceboidea: Cebidae
Howler monkey
Male hyoid enlarged
resonating chamber
Loudest land animals
Protect territory, resources, females
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Anthropoids: Catarrhini
Asian and African monkeys
Apes
Humans
Different than book (chart of p. 168-169)
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Catarrhini: Cercopithecoidae
African and Asian Monkeys
Colobinae
Cercopithecinae
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Catarrhini: Cercopithecoidae
African and Asian monkeys
Diverse range of habitats
Some are arboreal while others are terrestrial
No prehensile tail
High level of sexual dimorphism (canines, body)
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Catarrhini: Cercopithecoidae
Ischial Callosities
Sitting Pad
Thickened calluses on Backside
Only in Af/As monkeys
Help monkeys to sleep on thin branches away from predators
Ischial Callosity
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Catarrhini: Cercopithecoidae
Visual Estrus
Hormonally influenced period of sexual receptivity in females
Skin around genitals becomes inflated/red
Advertises fertility and receptivity
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Catarrhini: Cercopithecoidae: Colobinae
Includes:
Langurs
Colobus Monkeys
Proboscis Monkeys
Mostly folivorous
Sacculated stomachs
Bilophodont teeth
Langur
Black and White Colobus Monkey
Catarrhini: Cercopithecoidae: Colobinae
Proboscis monkey
Large nose may be due to sexual selection!
Catarrhini: Cercopithecoidae: Cercopithecinae
Includes:
Baboons
Macaques
Vervet Monkeys
Frugivores (fruit-eaters)
Low, rounded molar cusps
Cheek pouches
Vervet
Baboon
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Baboons
Anthropoids: Catarrhini: Hominoidea
Lesser apes
Great apes
Humans
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Catarrhines: Hominoidea
Bonobo
Gibbon
Orangutan
Gorilla
Chimpanzee
Anthropoids: Hominoidea
Differ from monkeys in various ways:
Absence of an external tail
Larger brains
Extended period of infant development and dependency
Y-5 lower molar pattern
Canine-premolar honing complex
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Anthropoids: Catarrhini: Hominoidea
Two Families:
Hylobatidae
Gibbons, Siamangs
Hominidae
Orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees, bonobos, humans
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Anthropoids: Hominoidea: Hylobatidae
Lesser apes
Southeast Asia
Tropical and subtropical forests
Frugivores
Highly territorial
Siren songs
Arboreal
Brachiation
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Anthropoids: Hominoidea: Hylobatidae
Siamang
Sexual dichromatism
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Anthropoids: Hominoidea: Hominidae
Great apes and Humans
Orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees, and bonobos (pygmy chimpanzees) = Great Apes
More terrestrial
Various forms of locomotion
Dietary diversity
Great Apes are Knuckle walkers – aside from Orangutans
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Anthropoids: Hominoidea
Three Subfamilies:
Ponginae (Orangutans)
Gorillinae (Gorillas)
Homininae (Humans, Chimps, Bonobos)
Homininae has two Tribes:
Panini (Chimps, Bonobos)
Hominini (Humans)
Anthropoids: Hominoidea: Hominidae: Ponginae
Orangutan
Borneo and Sumatra
Sexually dimorphic
Males weigh up to 200 lbs.
Twice the size and weight of adult females
Arboreal
Slow climbers
Frugivores
Solitary lives
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Orangutan
Anthropoids: Hominoidea: Hominidae: Ponginae
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Orangutan
Anthropoids: Hominoidea: Hominidae: Gorillinae
Gorilla
Equatorial Africa
Largest living primate
Males weigh up to 400 lbs.
Sexually dimorphic
Knuckle-walkers
Folivorous
Highly cohesive groups
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Anthropoids: Hominoidea: Hominidae: Gorillinae
Gorilla
Female
Male
Sexual dimorphism
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Anthropoids: Hominoidea: Hominidae: Gorillinae
Gorilla
differences in size and shape based on sex
Sexual dimorphism
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Anthropoids: Hominoidea: Hominidae: Gorillinae
Gorilla
Exclusively vegetarian diet
Large canines are to fend off other males
Shy and gentle
Only violent when threatened or in competition for females
1 male multi-female
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Gorilla
Anthropoids: Hominoidea: Hominidae: Homininae: Panini
Chimpanzee
Equatorial Africa
Various modes of locomotion
Less sexually dimorphic than orangutans and gorillas
Omnivores
Complex social behaviors
Highly territorial
Genetically closer to humans than to gorillas
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Anthropoids: Hominoidea: Hominidae: Homininae: Panini
Chimpanzee
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Anthropoids: Hominoidea: Hominidae: Homininae: Panini
Bonobo
Congo (Central Africa)
Smaller than the “common” chimpanzee
Longer legs and differently shaped chest
More arboreal
Lowland rain forest habitat
Less excitable/aggressive
Unique sexuality
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Anthropoids: Hominoidea: Hominidae: Homininae: Panini
Bonobo
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Bonobos
Anthropoids: Hominoidea: Hominidae: Homininae: Hominini
Habitual bipeds
Omnivores
Spoken language
Large, complex brains
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