Graphical summary

Primate Taxonomy 2

Anthropology 2200

Infraorder: Anthropoidea

Infraorder: Anthropoidea Two Parvorders

Platyrrhini “Broad-nosed

Catarrhini “Hook-nosed”

2:1:3:3/2 2:1:2:3

Anthropoids: Platyrrhini • Central/South American

Monkeys

• Latin and South America

Platyrrhini: Ceboidea

• Central/South American monkeys • Arboreal quadrupeds

• Suspensory locomotion • Many = Prehensile tail • Not in African/Asian Monkeys

• Diverse diet • Leaves, fruit, insects

Spider Monkey

Platyrrhini: Ceboidea

• Two Families • Atelidae

• Howler, Owl, Spider, Titi, and Woolly monkeys, Uakaris, and Sakis

• Cebidae • Marmosets, Tamarins,

Capuchins, Squirrel Monkeys

Platyrrhini: Ceboidea: Cebidae

• Marmosets/Tamarins • Retain claws instead of

nails • Smallest Platyrrhini • Twin (Chimerism) • Insectivores • Unusual dental

formula • 2:1:3:2

Golden Lion Tamarin Silvery Marmoset

Emperor tamarin

Platyrrhini: Ceboidea: Cebidae

• Capuchin monkeys • Name from Order of Friars

Minor Capuchin • Often in Movies!

White Fronted Capuchin

Platyrrhini: Ceboidea: Atelidae

• Includes subfamilies: • Aotidae • Pitheciidae • Atelidae • Alouattinae

Platyrrhini: Ceboidea: Atelidae

• Owl/Night Monkey • Only truly nocturnal monkey

• Vocal calls/Sent Marking • Susceptible to human forms of

Malaria • Used for malaria research

Platyrrhini: Ceboidea: Atelidae

• Pitheciidae • Titis • Sakis • Uakaris

White Faced SakiUakari

Titi Monkeys (morning calls) Uakari Saki

Bald uakari monkey

Platyrrhini: Ceboidea: Atelidae

• Spider monkeys • Wooly monkeys

• Only monkeys with prehensile tails (aside from Howler)

Spider MonkeyWooly Monkey

Platyrrhini: Ceboidea: Atelidae

• Howler monkey • Prehensile tail • Make loud

vocalizations

Howler monkey

Platyrrhini: Ceboidea: Cebidae

• Howler monkey • Male hyoid enlarged

• resonating chamber • Loudest land animals • Protect territory,

resources, females

Anthropoids: Catarrhini

• Asian and African monkeys • Apes • Humans

Catarrhini: Cercopithecoidae

• African and Asian Monkeys

• Colobinae • Cercopithecinae

Catarrhini: Cercopithecoidae

• African and Asian monkeys • Diverse range of habitats • Some are arboreal while

others are terrestrial • No prehensile tail • High level of sexual

dimorphism (canines, body)

Catarrhini: Cercopithecoidae

• Ischial Callosities • Sitting Pad • Thickened calluses on

Backside • Only in Af/As monkeys • Help monkeys to sleep on thin

branches away from predators

Ischial Callosity

Catarrhini: Cercopithecoidae

• Visual Estrus • Hormonally influenced period of sexual receptivity in females • Skin around genitals becomes inflated/red • Advertises fertility and receptivity

Catarrhini: Cercopithecoidae: Colobinae

• Includes: • Langurs • Colobus Monkeys • Proboscis Monkeys

• Mostly folivorous • Sacculated stomachs • Bilophodont teeth

Langur Black and White Colobus Monkey

Catarrhini: Cercopithecoidae: Colobinae

Proboscis monkey

Large nose may be due to sexual selection!

Catarrhini: Cercopithecoidae: Cercopithecinae • Includes:

• Baboons • Macaques • Vervet Monkeys

• Frugivores (fruit-eaters) • Low, rounded molar

cusps • Cheek pouches

Vervet

Baboon

Baboons

Anthropoids: Catarrhini: Hominoidea

• Lesser apes • Great apes • Humans

Catarrhines: Hominoidea

Bonobo

Gibbon

Orangutan

Gorilla

Chimpanzee

Anthropoids: Hominoidea

• Differ from monkeys in various ways:

• Absence of an external tail • Larger brains • Extended period of infant development

and dependency • Y-5 lower molar pattern • Canine-premolar honing complex

Anthropoids: Catarrhini: Hominoidea

• Two Families: • Hylobatidae

• Gibbons, Siamangs • Hominidae

• Orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees, bonobos, humans

Anthropoids: Hominoidea: Hylobatidae  Lesser apes

 Southeast Asia  Tropical and

subtropical forests  Frugivores  Highly territorial  Siren songs

 Arboreal  Brachiation

Anthropoids: Hominoidea: Hylobatidae

• Siamang • Sexual dichromatism

Anthropoids: Hominoidea: Hominidae

• Great apes and Humans • Orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees,

and bonobos (pygmy chimpanzees) = Great Apes

• More terrestrial • Various forms of locomotion • Dietary diversity • Great Apes are Knuckle walkers –

aside from Orangutans

Anthropoids: Hominoidea • Three Subfamilies:

• Ponginae (Orangutans) • Gorillinae (Gorillas) • Homininae (Humans,

Chimps, Bonobos)

• Homininae has two Tribes: • Panini (Chimps, Bonobos) • Hominini (Humans)

Anthropoids: Hominoidea: Hominidae: Ponginae

• Orangutan • Borneo and Sumatra • Sexually dimorphic

• Males weigh up to 200 lbs. • Twice the size and weight

of adult females • Arboreal

• Slow climbers • Frugivores • Solitary lives

Orangutan

Anthropoids: Hominoidea:

Hominidae: Ponginae

Orangutan

Anthropoids: Hominoidea: Hominidae: Gorillinae

• Gorilla • Equatorial Africa • Largest living primate

• Males weigh up to 400 lbs.

• Sexually dimorphic • Knuckle-walkers • Folivorous • Highly cohesive groups

Anthropoids: Hominoidea: Hominidae: Gorillinae

• Gorilla

Female Male

Anthropoids: Hominoidea: Hominidae: Gorillinae

• Gorilla

differences in size and shape based on sex

Anthropoids: Hominoidea: Hominidae: Gorillinae

• Gorilla • Exclusively vegetarian diet

• Large canines are to fend off other males • Shy and gentle • Only violent when threatened or in competition for

females • 1 male multi-female

Gorilla

Anthropoids: Hominoidea: Hominidae: Homininae: Panini

• Chimpanzee • Equatorial Africa • Various modes of locomotion • Less sexually dimorphic than

orangutans and gorillas • Omnivores • Complex social behaviors

• Highly territorial • Genetically closer to humans than

to gorillas

Anthropoids: Hominoidea: Hominidae: Homininae: Panini Chimpanzee

Anthropoids: Hominoidea: Hominidae: Homininae: Panini

• Bonobo • Congo (Central Africa) • Smaller than the “common”

chimpanzee • Longer legs and differently shaped

chest • More arboreal

• Lowland rain forest habitat • Less excitable/aggressive • Unique sexuality

Anthropoids: Hominoidea: Hominidae: Homininae: Panini Bonobo

Bonobos

Anthropoids: Hominoidea: Hominidae: Homininae: Hominini

 Habitual bipeds  Omnivores

 Spoken language  Large, complex brains