Order 1194279: The Effect of technology on the events in Dubai last couple of years

The Impact of Technology on Events in 21 Century

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The research project focused on determining the impact of technology on events in the 21st century. The study investigated how technology has affected social and economic events in the United Arab Emirates, in MENA region, and the entire global society. Both primary and secondary data were used to help achieve the goal of this project. Primary data was collected from a sample of respondents while secondary data was obtained from books and articles. Primary data was analyzed both quantitatively and qualitatively. The findings show that technology had massive impact on various social and economical events of the 21st century.

Table of Contents Abstract 2 Introduction 5 Background 5 Theoretical Background 6 Research Questions 7 Challenges and Limitations 8 Conceptual Analysis and Literature Review 8 Analysis 8 Review 11 Economic events 12 Social events 13 Timeframe of Materials Used 15 Sources of Materials and Their Significance 15 Leaders in the Field and Their Arguments 15 Research Methodology 15 Sampling and Sampling Errors 16 Data Collection 17 Quantitative and Qualitative Tools 17 Limitations 18 Result Analysis and Discussion 19 Analysis of Primary Data 19 Economic events 19 Social/religious events 21 Discussion 22 Conclusion, Implications, and Recommendations 24 Implications 25 Recommendations 25

Technology has transformed the modern world into a global village where geographical barriers that limited communication and interactions have been completely eliminated (Brinca, Holter, Krusell, & Malafry, 2014). The twenty first century has seen a number of major changes in the world’s economic and social space. Technology has led the way in creating important changes, some of which no one had ever even imagined. In the economic sphere, a number of events have happened in the twenty first century that has changed the world order. Dubai city, once a small Arab center that was barely known beyond the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region rose to become one of the world’s top tourists’ destinations and a major global business hub. It is currently home to the world’s tallest building and largest man-made island.

China has also emerged as one of the world’s top economies within this century, leading in manufacturing of various products. Countries such as Israel and United Arab Emirates have come up with unique ways of harvesting water for agriculture, making them food secure despite the harsh climatic conditions in the region (Horan, 2012). These changes have been made possible by the emergence of new technologies. Technology has also played significant roles in other major events in the twenty first century. In this paper, the researcher seeks to discuss the impact of technology on social and economic events in the twenty first century. The research will rely on both primary and secondary data to arrive at findings and make relevant fact-based recommendations.

It is important to look at some of the theoretical concepts relating to the emerging technologies of the twenty first century and how they influence socio-economic changes all over the world. One of the most popular theories in this field is Social Construction of Technology (SCOT) (Koehler, Mishra, Kereluik, Shin, & Graham, 2013). This theory holds that technology does not define actions of people. On the contrary, the actions of people shape technology in various ways. The theory has widely been used to emphasize on the fact that people must be responsible for their actions when using technology. People created technology to make work easy. However, sometimes technology can be used to harm others. This theory holds that technology cannot be blamed when it is used to harm others (Wang, 2013). Instead, the individuals who use technology wrongly to hurt others must bear the blame. Technology relies on the instructions from people to enable specific events to take place. When used responsibly and with a positive mind, it leads to socio-economic development. When used with ill-intentions, then it can lead to harm and destruction. It all depends on the approach of the users.

Modernization is another important theory that is very relevant in this study. According to Kriegler (2015), the modernization theory focuses on how desirable change can best be achieved in our society. The world is changing due to a number of natural and human-induced changes. Modernization involves coming up with new ways of managing the changing socio-economic events. Modernization as a concept has been closely associated with technology. This is so because people have been using technology to create the needed changes. For instance, when the need for people to interact through trade, warfare, and other spheres emerged, technology was used to induce modernization in communication, transport, and military. Technology has been used to modernize the social and economic climate in the world. As Jensen (2015) observes, it is almost impossible to lead a life in the modern society free of technology. Gadgets such as mobile phones which did not exist in the world half a century ago, has become a basic gadget irrespective of one’s social status. The more the society develops, the more it continues to rely on technology to solve social and economic problems.

When conducting a research, it is important to come up with clear research questions that can guide the process of data collection (Jackson, 2016). In this research project, questions were developed to help clearly identify the data that should be collected from the primary and secondary sources. The following is the primary research question.

What is the impact of technology on the events of the 21st century?

The above primary question was supported by a number of questions as shown below.

What is the role of technology in the 21st century social environment?

What is the role of technology in the 21st century economic environment?

To respond to the above research questions, it was important to collect data from various sources.

It is important to mention primary challenges that the researcher faced during the period of conducting the study. One of the biggest challenges faced was the inability of the researcher to travel out of the United Arab Emirates to conduct face-to-face interview with people who have witnessed the impact of technology firsthand on various events in the 21st century (Novotný & Portela, 2012). To overcome this challenge, the researcher relied on published sources available in books, articles, and in the online platforms to understand these events. Primary data collection was limited to the United Arab Emirates, especially in the city of Dubai. Time was the main limitation in this case. To overcome this challenge, the researcher identified individuals who have worked in different parts of the world to participate in the study. This was important because this document is not meant to be only relevant in the Emirati context but also at a global level. As such, it was necessary to capture global views on the issue. The use of literature also made it possible for the researcher to overcome the challenge. Books and articles published in different countries, especially in Europe and North America, were used.

The impact of technology on the events in the twenty first century is a topic that has attracted attention of scholars in various parts of the world. These scholars have looked at how technology affects various aspects of life and the possible future based on the technological inventions in the modern society. In this section, the researcher will start by analyzing conceptual framework relevant to this topic. Figure 1 below shows the conceptual framework that was used in this project.

Figure 1: Conceptual framework

Perceived Usefulness

Perceived ease of use

Innovation Process Performance

Intention to use Technology

Attitude to Technology

Perceived need

Source (Developed by author)

As shown in the framework above, the path towards the use of technology to drive change involves a number of stages and processes. In this case, this framework will be analyzed in reference to the use of social media in the modern day business environment. It starts with the perceived usefulness of the technology in question. People concerned must view the new concept as being useful in a given context. Most business entities did not consider social media as being relevant in advertisement, which explains why multinational corporations were reluctant in embracing it as a means of promoting their products and brands. Then there is the perceived ease of use. People view technology as a means of making work easy and life more enjoyable. Social media was easy to use and at first it was just a means of communication for youths and young adults (Scott, 2012). The perceived need is the third factor. The people targeted by the technology must have a need for it. In this case, the need was brought about by the desire to promote brands and products in a new platform away from the traditional mass media platform. The perception builds attitude towards the technology. In this case, the initial perception that multinational corporations developed towards social media made them develop a relaxed attitude towards embracing the platform as a way of advertising their brands and products (Russell & Arlow, 2015).

They considered this platform as being too informal to accommodate promotion of serious brands. However, the attitude changed very fast when social media started becoming very popular not only in the developed but also developing nations. These firms realized that they could rely on platforms such as Facebook, YouTube, and Twitter to promote awareness about their brands and products. It led to the next stage of this framework which is the intention to use technology. At this stage, the business community had realized that social media was a force to reckon with in the business arena and it could no longer be ignored (Edmonson, 2012). The intention to use in this case is the personal commitment that an entity makes to use technology in addressing needs of the business. The last stage in this framework is the innovation process performance. It is at this stage that an individual or a business entity employs technology to address practically a given need. At first, many companies did not know how to use effectively the social media to promote their products. However, this changed rapidly as innovative ideas sprung up on how to advertise on the social media. Currently, many firms are spending more on social media than they do on traditional platforms of advertisement such as newspapers.

The impact of technology on events in the twenty first century is a topic that has been researched from different perspectives by different scholars across the world. It is important to review the literature relevant to this topic to understand what other scholars have found out and areas that need further studies. As Piketty and Goldhammer (2014) say, every piece of research should be focused on making new discoveries in order to build on the already existing information. That is why it is important to review the literature to avoid duplication of already existing knowledge. At this stage, the researcher will look at the social and economic events and how they are influenced by technology.

According to Tucker (2012), another important economic event of the 21st century is the emergence of China as a global economic power, only second to the United States of America. The massive achievement by China is attributed to the rapid rate at which its industrial sector has embraced emerging technologies. The 2008 global economic recession that affected so many countries around the world was partly influenced by technology (Academy of Marketing Science, 2015). Firms such as Lehman Brothers used advanced technologies to give misleading impressions of their financial positions. The consequence of such deceits was the phenomenon collapse of large firms and decline in economic growth of major global economies. Despite these negative impacts of emerging technologies, it is clear that the benefits far outweigh its disadvantages (Singh & Zommers, 2014). A number of billionaires in the Middle East, just like the Bill Gates of the United States and Jack Ma of China, have generated their wealth from technology (Moriarty, 2017). It is a clear indication that in this century technology is helping people generate wealth in a very unique way.

The social interactions and cultural influence have been made possible by the emerging technologies. According to Messina-Dysert and Ruether (2015), Western culture has massively influenced youths in the Middle East, especially in major cities such as Dubai. The youths in Middle East spend a lot of time watching Western movies. The emergence of YouTube has made it easier for the youths to access their desired movies than was the case when they had to watch these movies on television. These youths tend to admire the leading actors in these Western movies and as such tend to act as them. Tamminen, Webster, and Vermeulen (2012) say that this has partly led to erosion of culture among the youths. The desire to act as some of the people they watch in these movies make it easy for them to deviate from some of the cultural teachings that have always been passed from one generation to another for centuries. Technology is also making it possible for underage people to have access to materials that may corrupt their minds. Religious leaders have been trying to find ways of dealing with such problems. These technologies sometimes affect the academic performance of students. Spending a lot of time in Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube means that these students have less time to concentrate on their academics.

The topic focused on events that took place within the 21st century which means that it focused on a timeframe from 2001 to 2017. However, the materials used had to be very current. As such, the researcher selected books and articles that were published within the past five years. The sources used were published not earlier than 2012. It was important to collect very recent information, just in case new discoveries have been made. That is why that specific timeframe was considered appropriate.

According to Quinti, Visentini, and Farrugia (2014), a researcher must carefully choose materials to be used in the study in order to achieve the level of success desired in the project. The school library was very important source of the materials used in the study. Online libraries also proved to be very important. Jstor was one of the important sources of materials that were used. The scholar also relied on Google Scholar to identify quality peer-reviewed articles relevant to the study.

Other than the literatures, the study had to collect information from the leaders in different fields to get their opinion about the advancements that have been witnessed in their areas of specialization because of the emerging technologies in the 21st century. Religious leaders, business people, celebrities in the fields of music and entertainment, and other opinion makers were considered reliable source of desired information. Their arguments are important in defining the impact of technology on various events that are related to their profession.

This section of the research project is critical because it describes the methods used in data collection and analysis. Dottin, Miller, and O'Brien (2013) say that the validity and reliability of a research report is determined by the methods used in collecting and analyzing data. The research relied on both primary and secondary sources of data to inform its findings, conclusion, and recommendations. The secondary data were obtained from books, peer-reviewed articles, and reliable online sources. These sources provided background information upon which the research was developed. These sources also helped in guiding the study by identifying what other scholars have found out and areas they say need further investigation. Primary data was collected from a sample of respondents.

The information needed had to be collected from a range of people as mentioned in the section above. They include religious leaders, business people, and celebrities in the fields of music and entertainment, and other opinion makers. The population of this people locally is considerably huge and it is not possible to interview all of them. As such, it was necessary to sample a section of them. Given that there were different interest groups, stratified sampling was considered most appropriate. Stratified sampling made it possible to select individuals from these different groups in equal proportions. The possible sampling error that might have been made when selecting the participants was selection sampling error. This error occurs when only those who are willing to participate in the project are sampled (Smith, Imad, & Farrands, 2013). It means that those who have vital information but are not convinced of the importance of the study are left out. It leads to compromise when selecting the participants. This error might have been committed because of the limited time that was available for the study. The information collected from the sample was used to generalize the findings to the entire population.

Data was collected from the respondents with the help of mailed questionnaires. The researcher prepared questionnaires that were to be filled by the respondents. The questionnaires were then sent to the sampled respondents via e-mail. After filling the questionnaires, the respondents e-mailed back the forms for the purpose of analysis. Fanchi (2013) argues that face-to-face interview is one of the best ways of collecting primary data from respondents. However, this was not possible because of the irregular schedule of the respondents. After talking to the participants over the phone to understand their work schedules, it became apparent that conducting a face-to-face interview may be a challenge. As such, it was decided that the most appropriate way of collecting data from them is to e-mail the questionnaires to them. The questionnaire was designed to capture the respondents’ demographical factors as a way of ensuring that any form of bias is captured in their right space.

The collected data was analyzed in order to respond to the research questions developed during the proposal development stage. The researcher used both qualitative and quantitative forms of data analysis. Qualitative analysis made it possible to use descriptive data to explain why certain events took place the way they did and how technology affected them in different ways. It enabled the researcher to explain how technology has affected various events in the 21st century and what can be done to ensure that negative impacts are eliminated while positive impacts are promoted. On the other hand, quantitative analysis enabled the researcher to determine the significance of the impact of technology on various events. It helped in determining how good or bad an event was and the role played by technology in its occurrence.

It is important to appreciate that the research had some limitations worth discussing at this stage. One of the primary limitations was time as an important factor when conducting a research. The limited time meant that data had to be collected within the city to complete it within the set deadline. The researcher had to rely on recorded sources such as books, articles, and online videos to learn more about events that happened out of the country. The difficulty of talking with and convincing participants to take part in the study was another challenge. However, the researcher was able to overcome the challenge by reaching out to a considerable number of participants who agreed to be part of the study.

Ethical Considerations

It was important to put into consideration ethical concerns when conducting this study. The researcher made a formal request to the specific individuals who were considered relevant to the study. The researcher explained to them that this was an academic research. After sampling, the researcher assigned the respondents specific codes instead of using their names. This was done to ensure that the identity of the respondents remain protected. When selecting the participants, the researcher avoided any form of bias on the basis of race, religion, sexual orientation, gender, or any other demographical factors.

After collecting the primary data from the respondents, the next important stage was to analyze it and come up with meaningful results that would help demonstrate the impact of technology on the 21st century events. The analysis was primarily based on the events within the United Arab Emirates from where data was collected. The analysis focused on two main areas, economic and social events within the country in the 21st century that were directly influenced by the emerging technologies.

Figure 2: Impact of technology on Dubai’s infrastructural development events

Source (Developed by author)

The respondents noted that indeed the city of Dubai has experienced phenomenon infrastructural development events since 2001. They stated that these developments have completely changed the city from what it used to be. 55% of the respondents stated that they strongly agree with the argument that technology has contributed to the current infrastructural developments being witnessed in the country. The nature of the roads, railways, and airports that have been built could not have been accomplished were it not for the availability of modern technologies. Unique structures such as Burj Khalifa and Palm Island are all dependent on technology. 25% also agreed with the argument technology is responsible for these massive developments. Only about 15% of the respondents who had contrary opinion, arguing that availability of oil in the country are the primary cause of development in the country, including technological advancements. It was understood that most of them are people who have been resisting some aspects of emerging technology, especially the use of social media among the youth, blaming it for moral erosion in the country. However, it is obvious that technology has completely transformed the economic environment of this country. Dubai currently has an infrastructural system that can be compared with the best in the world because the government has been investing heavily in technology. The roads, the rails, airports, and marine transport have all been transformed using modern technology. Companies in this country are also using emerging technologies to ensure that they are competitive in their operations. They know that the only way of managing the stiff market competition is to embrace the emerging technologies.

Figure 3: How technology has impacted religious events in the region

Source (Developed by author)

As shown in the above statistics, a significant majority (65%) of the respondents believe that technology has had a major impact on religious events in the region. According to these respondents, a new trend is emerging in the region where youths are engaging their religious leaders wanting to know more about some of the practices that have been highly cherished for years. The emergence terror groups in some of the neighboring countries have triggered many questions among the youth who want to know the truth. A new trend is also emerging where interdenominational groups gather to discuss social issues and events that affect them as a society. Most of these engagements are done in the online platform, thanks to the emergence of social media. This completely new event is having a positive impact on the society. Sometimes religious differences may breed hatred in the social media, but the youth have also tried to use it to foster interdenominational unity by focusing on issues of common interest. A study by Peres (2012) notes that technology is just but a tool, which when used positively can help transform the society for the benefit of everyone.

The analysis above clearly shows that technology has become a critical component of the society in the 21st century. Technology is redefining the way in which people view life. It is redefining our social and economic environments in a very significant manner. The United Arab Emirates, especially its city of Dubai, is a clear demonstration of what technology can do in transforming the economic events (Rosenbaum, 2015). In stable countries in the region, technology is helping to foster a more integrated community where race or religion is not used as a basis of stereotyping or unfairness. Social media is also creating a platform where citizens can engage their leaders on various policy issues and get their views considered. It proves that technology can facilitate positive impact on various social and economical events if used appropriately and responsibly. As shown in the data collected from both primary and secondary sources, technology has completely transformed the city of Dubai both socially and economically. Currently, this city is one of the top global business hubs and tourists destinations, thanks to technology. The infrastructural developments witnessed in this country have made it easy to conduct trade. Movement of people and goods, and communication has been made easy and cheap thanks to the government’s decision to invest in emerging technologies. The city has attracted people from all over the world who come as tourists, businesspeople, and workers primarily because of the technology-driven developments in the country. The data analyzed above shows that we have an emerging class of very rich people in the city of Dubai who rely on emerging technologies. These people have learnt how to solve socio-economic problems of people using technology.

It is important to remember the underpinning concept in Social Construction of Technology Theory that technology does not define actions of people. Technology only makes work easy. It makes it easy to get and share information. It makes it easy to move from one place to another. Technology has transformed the modern warfare and many other factors (Cerone et al., 2014). However, it cannot be blamed for mistakes and crimes that people commit. It cannot be blamed for acts of terror that have been witnessed across the world (Norrander, 2015). It is true that technology makes their work easy. However, one must understand that technology does not drive them to engage in criminal acts. Criminal events happening across the region would still be in existence even without technology. The only difference would be the approach that these criminals take. The same case applies to the modern-day hackers who use their skills in computer technology to steal data from firms or government agencies for personal benefits (Freedman, 2016). Hackers are particularly causing concern among institutions in this country that rely on data that is shared in online platforms. These techno-savvy criminals are capable of stealing funds from individual or organizational bank accounts, a fact that has forced banks to find a way of protecting their clients. The social media, as shown in the data collected, is a powerful tool and depending on how it is used it may have varying effect on the society. As some of the respondents noted, sometimes this new form of communication is used by a section of the society to spread fear and hate in the society. It shows that when used wrongly, technology may have devastating impact on a given population.

In the 21st century, technology is becoming increasingly important in defining the social and economic events around the world. The research conducted shows that a number of events that happened in the 21st century were greatly influenced by technology. The economies of countries all over the world currently rely on technology. Dubai’s economic climate is very different from what it used to be a decade ago, thanks to emerging technologies. It has become a strategic global business hub and a major tourists’ destination. The social environment has also been redefined by the emerging means of communication, especially the social media that has empowered citizens. The report shows that technology has had varying impact on events in the 21st century. Dubai currently is home to the tallest building and the largest man-made island in the world, thanks to emerging technology. The benefits of technology are obvious in this city, especially given the fact that it is now one of the top tourists’ destinations and business hubs in the world.

Technology is proven to have a major influence on the events of the 21st century events from social and economic perspectives. The implications of the findings are in relation to how people should approach the use of technology in the social and economic spheres. As explained in the theoretical framework discussed, the society must be responsible when using technology. Technology cannot define actions that one takes. It only makes it easy to implement plans. When used irresponsibly, technology can have devastating impact on the society. When used in a responsible manner, it can help bring about positive transformation in the economic and social spheres.

It is expected that based on the findings of this study, people will start being responsible with how they handle technology. Future scholars should focus on how irresponsible use of technology can be avoided in the modern society. They should address limitations in the current studies. The following are some of the recommendations that future scholars should focus on in their studies.

· Future scholars should come up with ways through which irresponsible use of technology can be discouraged and fought by the society. They can look at ways in which schools and religious centers can promote responsible use of technology.

· There is need to find ways of fighting social negativity and prejudice towards a section of the society using technology. They should look at how emerging technologies can unite the society instead of creating or widening the rifts.

· It is important for future scholars to investigate how technology can be used to eliminate absolute poverty in various parts of the world. Technology can help solve problems that people living in object poverty face, especially in least develop countries in Asia and Africa.

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Wang, V. C. X. (2013). Handbook of research on technologies for improving the 21st century workforce: Tools for lifelong learning. Hershey, PA: Information Science Reference. Retrieved from https://books.google.co.ke/books?id=ULieBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA539&dq=the+impact+of+technology+on+events+in+21+century&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=the%20impact%20of%20technology%20on%20events%20in%2021%20century&f=false

Do you think technology is influencing religion in the region?

Do you believe technology is driving infrastructural deveopment in Dubai