Mid
Wildchild
1.PublicHumanResourcesAdministration-2.pptxPublic Human Resources Administration
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To Resolve a Problem and Satisfy a Need
The Problem:
State and local governments are facing unprecedented challenges as the baby boomers begin to retire, taking years of knowledge and experience with them.
The Need:
Attracting, retaining, and developing the talent that governments need is a major undertaking.
The Challenge:
Doing so in a time of fiscal constraints makes it even more important to understand the rapidly changing world of human resources.
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What is Public Human Resource Administration?
It’s a System
It’s Power
It’s a Business
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What’s a System?
Systems thinking is the process of understanding how things, regarded as systems, influence one another within a whole.
In nature, systems thinking examples include ecosystems in which various elements such as air, water, movement, plants, and animals work together to survive or perish.
In organizations, systems consist of people, structures, and processes that work together to make an organization "healthy" or "unhealthy".
Systems thinking has been defined as an approach to problem solving, by viewing "problems" as parts of an overall system,
rather than reacting to specific part, outcomes or events and potentially contributing to further development of unintended consequences.
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Systems thinking is not just one thing but
a set of habits or practices within a framework that is based on the belief that the component parts of a system can best be understood
in the context of relationships with each other and with other systems, rather than in isolation.
Systems thinking focuses on cyclical rather than linear cause and effect.
The several ways to think of and define a system include:
A system is composed of parts.
All the parts of a system must be related (directly or indirectly), else there are really two or more distinct systems
A system is encapsulated, has a boundary.
The boundary of a system is a decision made by an observer, or a group of observers.
A system can be nested inside another system.
A system can overlap with another system.
A system is bounded in time.
A system is bounded in space, though the parts are not necessarily co-located.
A system receives input from, and sends output into, the wider environment.
A system consists of processes that transform inputs into outputs.
A system is autonomous in fulfilling its purpose.
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What’s Power?
Can do….
The ability to accomplish a goal…
A series of interacting systems that enable’s one with the ability to accomplish a goal…
Power is the Key factor that allows:
the follower to accomplish their task,
the leader to influence others,
and the manager to accomplish organizational goals.
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What’s a Business?
A business is a System that’s called an Enterprise that provides a product [ goods or services] for a consumer that resolves a problem and or satisfy a need.
As rumor has it, Abraham Lincoln said the purpose of government is to provide those services that the individual is unable to provide for themselves.
Types of Businesses‘
Volunteer
Non-profit
For-profit
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Question: What is SWOT analysis?
How can a public administrator utilize it when examining the strength and weaknesses of existing programs?
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Question: What is a Force Field Analysis?
Force Field Analysis was created by Kurt Lewin in the 1940s. Lewin originally used the tool in his work as a social psychologist.
Today, however, Force Field Analysis is also used in business, for making and communicating go/no-go decisions.
You use the tool by listing all of the factors (forces) for and against your decision or change.
You then score each factor based on its influence, and add up the scores for and against change to find out which of these wins.
You can then look at strengthening the forces that support the change and managing the forces against the change, so that it's more successful
http://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/newTED_06.htm
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Force Field Analysis Template
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What is Public Administration?
Public administration is the implementation of government policy and also an academic discipline that studies this implementation and prepares civil servants for working in the public service.
It is "centrally concerned with the organization of government policies and programs as well as the behavior of officials (usually non-elected) formally responsible for their conduct"
Many unelected public servants can be considered to be public administrators, including heads of city, county, regional, state and federal departments such as:
municipal budget directors,
human resources (H.R.) administrators,
city managers,
census managers,
state mental health directors, and cabinet secretaries.
Public administrators are public servants working in public departments and agencies, at all levels of government
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Public Personnel Management
Also known as human resource management is essential for effective governmental “governance” type of networks, especially when sharing a governance role that involve private corporations, public operations and international interest and their organizations.
What are the PADS or functions needed to manage Human resources?
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Human Resources Management Functions
Planning:
Budget preparation, workforce planning;
performance management, job analysis, and pay and benefits
Acquisition:
Recruitment and selection of employees
Development:
Training, evaluation, and leading employees to increase their willingness and ability to preform well.
Sanction:
Maintaining expectations and obligations that employees, and the employer have toward one another through discipline, health and safety, and employee rights.
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Discussion Questions
What are public jobs?
And why are they scarce resources?
What is the significance of this observation?
Why are the following four competing values traditionally influence the allocation of public jobs?
Political responsiveness and representation;
efficiency;
employee rights;
and social equity.
How do the following three emergent nongovernmental values impact on public jobs?
Personal accountability;
Limited and decentralized government;
Community responsibility for social services.
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To Be Feared or Loved?
Proponents of limited and decentralized government believe that people should fear government for its power to arbitrarily or capriciously deprive them of their rights.
They also believe that public policy, service delivery, and revenue generation can be controlled more efficiently in a smaller unit of government.
The most significant consequence of this belief was the delivery of local governments’ social services through “nongovernmental organizations' (NGOs).
Why?
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Key Programs that impact Public Personnel Systems
Faith-based organizations [FBO’s]
Third-party government
Nonstandard work arrangement [NSWA]
Purchase-of-service agreements
Franchise agreements
Subsidy arrangements
vouchers,; Volunteers, Regulatory and Tax incentives
Nonstandard Work Arrangements
Irreversible Rise of Information Technology
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The Four Traditional Public HRM Systems
Political Patronage System
is the use of state resources to reward individuals for their electoral support
Civil Service (Merit) System
The term civil service can refer to either a branch of governmental service in which individuals are employed (hired) on the basis of professional merit as proven by competitive examinations; or the body of employees in any government agency apart from the military, which is a separate extension of any national government
Collective Bargaining
is a process of negotiations between employers and a group of employees aimed at reaching agreements to regulate working conditions
Affirmative Action System
is intended to promote the opportunities of defined minority groups within a society to give them equal access to that of the majority population
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Political Patronage System
Is a way of rewarding jobs to loyal party members (and campaign workers) by the elected candidate. (aka the spoils system)
This enables the elected official to achieve their political objectives (including reelection) by legally placing key people in positions where the stakeholders can have access to administrative agencies during the policy-making process. For example
the General Accounting Office (GAO) publishes the Plum Book … a listing of U.S. government policy and supporting positions… immediately following each presidential election.
Unfortunately, the political patronage system is also a way for the party (in power) to reward groups, families, and ethnicities for their electoral support by
using illegal gifts or fraudulently awarded appointments or government contracts.
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“Wicked Problems”: Culture, Circumstance, and Power
Favorable Political Culture In the United States, the public HRM system developed through successive (and successful) fights against the excesses of patronage,
and against social pressures to be the “employer of last resort” in a well-developed economy that provides ample jobs outside government.
Although our conflicts with corruption, cronyism, and nepotism are not completely resolved, we do expect that government will provide services efficiently, using honest and qualified employees.
Exceptions generate cynicism or indignation precisely because they are exceptions.
Favorable Historical Circumstances The development of U.S. public personnel management has occurred within a context under a single Constitution and within a civil society widely considered controlled by laws rather than by individuals.
Although our policymaking process is costly, complex, and tortuous, it results in outcomes that are generally considered to be transparent, effective at maintaining government authority, and politically responsive to the will of the electorate.
Whereas our society is deeply affected by conflicts based on race, ethnicity, and class, it provides great opportunity for personal growth and economic advancement
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Culture
Circumstance
Power
Wicked Problems
Civil Service (Merit) System
The term civil service can refer to either a branch of governmental service in which individuals are employed (hired) on the basis of professional merit as proven by competitive examinations;
or the body of employees in any government agency apart from the military, which is a separate extension of any national government.
A civil servant or public servant is a person in the public sector employed for a government department or agency.
The extent of civil servants of a state as part of the "civil service" varies from country to country.
Civil service system came about as a result of an increased dissatisfaction with the patronage-based personnel system.
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Collective Bargaining….
Collective bargaining is a process of negotiations between employers and a group of employees aimed at reaching agreements to regulate working conditions. The interests of the employees are commonly presented by representatives of a trade union to which the employees belong.
The collective agreements reached by these negotiations usually set out wage scales, working hours, training, health and safety, overtime, grievance mechanisms, and rights to participate in workplace or company affairs.]
This is in contrast to the patronage system, where they are set and operationally influence by elected officials, or the civil service system, where they are set by law and regulations issued by management and administered by a civil service board (or their representative).
Please note: public sector unions never has the right to negotiate binding contracts with respect to wages, benefits, or other economic issues.
Because only legislative bodies (such as the city council, school board, or state legislature) have the authority to appropriate money to fund contracts.
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Affirmative Action System
The term "affirmative action" was first used in the United States in Executive Order 10925 and was signed by President John F. Kennedy on 6 March 1961.
It was used to promote actions that achieve non-discrimination.
Affirmative action is intended to promote the opportunities of defined minority groups within a society to give them equal access to that of the majority population.
It help to compensate for past discrimination, persecution or exploitation by the ruling class of a culture, and to address existing discrimination.
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Discussion Question…..
How do the following two emergent nongovernmental systems impact on public jobs?
Privatization
Essentially, it is the process of transferring ownership of a business, enterprise, agency, public service, or public property from the public sector (a government) to the private sector, either to a business that operates for a profit or to a nonprofit organization.
It may also mean government outsourcing of services or functions to private firms, e.g. revenue collection, law enforcement, and prison management.
Partnerships
A partnership is an arrangement where parties agree to cooperate to advance their mutual interests.
Since humans are social beings, partnerships between individuals, businesses, interest-based organizations, schools, governments, and varied combinations thereof, have always been and remain commonplace
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Did you know…..
The federal government of the United States does not have specific statutory law governing the establishment of partnerships.
Instead, each of the fifty states as well as the District of Columbia has its own statutes and common law that govern partnerships
While partnerships stand to amplify mutual interests and success, some are considered ethically problematic.
When a politician, for example, partners with a corporation to advance the latter's interest in exchange for some benefit, a conflict of interest results; consequentially, the public good may suffer.
While technically legal in some jurisdictions, such practice is broadly viewed negatively or as corruption.
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Key Questions
So what is a Public Personnel System?
Can there be a uniform “best practice” HRM solution to build local and global governance capacity?
As responsible public administrators and public personnel managers, what can we do to promote the development of rational and transparent government, at home and abroad?
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Key Terms
Affirmative action systems
Pendleton Act (1883) / Civil Service Reform Act of (1978)
Collective bargaining
Faith-based organizations (FBOs)
Non-governmental organizations
Franchise agreements
Human resource management (HRM)
Office of Personnel Management (USOPM)
Partnerships / Privatization
PADS
SWOT analysis
Force field Analysis
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