Information Technology & Data Analytics
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07-Lesson_07.pdf
Lesson 7: Infrastructure, Cloud Computing, Metrics and Business Continuity Planning
Information Technology & Data Analytics
November 15, 2020
Information Technology & Data Analytics
Chapter 7
Infrastructure, Cloud Computing, Metrics and Business Continuity Planning
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MONEY WILL ALWAYS BE MONEY
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The use of paper money
is on the decline; the
use of electronic money has more than
doubled in the past 10 years.
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Money in Circulation by Note Amount
10 Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco
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Share of Instrument Payment Usage by Year
11 Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco
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Payment Instrument Usage by Purchase Amount - 2019
12 Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco
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Percent Payment Instrument Usage by Age - 2019
13 Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco
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1. Do you use an electronic form of money such as Google wallet or a smartphone app? If so, which one?
2. Which do you think is easier—the counterfeiting of paper money or the counterfeiting of electronic money? Why?
3. Why does the government continue to mint pennies when the process costs more than a penny?
• Resistance to change.
Questions
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Introduction
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➢ Service-oriented architecture (SoA)
• perspective that focuses on the development, use, and reuse of small self-contained blocks of code (called services) to meet all application software needs
➢ Software code is not developed solely for a single application
➢ Rather services are built that can be reused
➢ Watch: Oracle’s SOA, Oracle’s SOA ad, SOA Cloud Service Overview
➢ Remember: IT environments are heterogeneous
INTRODUCTION: SoA
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➢ Can extend SoA to the entire organization to be
• Lean and agile using resources in the best way
• Proactive in addressing changes in the market
• Quick to respond and adapt to advances in technology
• Transformational in its processes, structure and HR initiatives to match a changing and dynamic workforce
INTRODUCTION: SoA
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➢ SoA focused specifically on IT
• Customers
• End users
• Software development
• Information needs
• Hardware requirements
INTRODUCTION: SoA
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➢ Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) – provide access to, and information about, back-end business processes. • In other words, it is a piece of software which allows applications
to talk to each other
➢ Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP) – Messaging protocol which encodes information before sending them into a network. • Based in XML
➢ Extensible Markup Language (XML) – metalanguage designed to transport data • Simplifies data sharing between applications and organizations
➢ Loose Coupling – The goal is for different components to depend on others as little as possible
SoA Concepts
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➢ SoA Registry
• It acts as a directory so applications can look for any service they need and call it
➢ UDDI – Universal Description, Definition and Integration
• Standard that the registry uses
➢ QoS – Quality of Service
• Security (Authentication)
• Authorization
• Policies
SoA Concepts
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➢ <CATALOG> ➢ <PLANT> ➢ <COMMON>Bloodroot</COMMON> ➢ <BOTANICAL>Sanguinaria canadensis</BOTANICAL> ➢ <ZONE>4</ZONE> ➢ <LIGHT>Mostly Shady</LIGHT> ➢ <PRICE>$2.44</PRICE> ➢ <AVAILABILITY>031599</AVAILABILITY> ➢ </PLANT> ➢ <PLANT> ➢ <COMMON>Columbine</COMMON> ➢ <BOTANICAL>Aquilegia canadensis</BOTANICAL> ➢ <ZONE>3</ZONE> ➢ <LIGHT>Mostly Shady</LIGHT> ➢ <PRICE>$9.37</PRICE> ➢ <AVAILABILITY>030699</AVAILABILITY> ➢ </PLANT> ➢ <PLANT> ➢ <COMMON>Marsh Marigold</COMMON> ➢ <BOTANICAL>Caltha palustris</BOTANICAL> ➢ <ZONE>4</ZONE> ➢ <LIGHT>Mostly Sunny</LIGHT> ➢ <PRICE>$6.81</PRICE> ➢ <AVAILABILITY>051799</AVAILABILITY> ➢ </PLANT>
XML Example
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SoA Meta Model
23 The Linthicum Group, 2007
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INTRODUCTION: SoA
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Customers should be able to “plug and play” into your organization and have the same pleasurable experience
regardless of the channel
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INTRODUCTION: SoA
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End users should have access to whatever information and software they need regardless of where they (the end users) are
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INTRODUCTION: SoA
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Software development should focus on reusable components (services) to accelerate systems development. This means using component-based
development methodologies and taking advantage of exciting Web 2.0 applications.
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INTRODUCTION: SoA
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Information would be treated appropriately as a valuable organizational resource – protected, managed, organized, and
made available to everyone who needs it.
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INTRODUCTION: SoA
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Hardware is both integrated and transparent.
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Hardware and Software Infrastructure
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➢ Infrastructure – the structure beneath a structure
➢ IT infrastructure is the implementation of your organization’s architecture
HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE INFRASTRUCTURE
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➢ From Chapter 2, Enterprise resource planning (ERP) system
• collection of integrated software for business management, accounting, finance, supply chain management, inventory management, customer relationship management, e- collaboration, etc.
ERP Revisited
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➢ For ERP to integrate everything, everything must be plug-and-play components or services
➢ All modules of an ERP vendor must be interoperable
➢ Software from multiple ERP vendors must be interoperable
➢ The infrastructure beneath must be hidden from users and customers
ERP and SoA
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ERP and SoA
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➢ Computer network – fundamental underlying infrastructure for any IT environment
• Distributed
• Client/server
• Tiered
Supporting Network Infrastructures
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➢ Distributed – distributing the information and processing power of IT systems via a network
➢ First true network infrastructure
➢ Processing activity is allocated to the location(s) where it can most efficiently be done
Distributed Network Infrastructure
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Distributed Network Infrastructure
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➢ Client/server infrastructure (network)
• one or more computers that are servers which provide services to other computers, called clients
➢ Servers and clients work together to optimize processing, information storage, etc.
➢ When you surf the Web, the underlying network infrastructure is client/server
Client/Server Infrastructure
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Client/Server Infrastructure
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➢ Tiered (layer) – the IT system is partitioned into tiers (layers) where each tier performs a specific type of functionality
• 1-tier – single machine
• 2-tier – basic client/server relationship
• 3-tier – client, application server, data or database server
• N-tier – scalable 3-tier structure with more servers
Tiered Infrastructure
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Tiered Infrastructure
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Cloud Computing
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➢ Hottest term in technology today
➢ Cloud computing – model in which any and all IT resources are delivered as a set of services via the Internet
• Application software
• Processing power
• Data storage
• Backup facilities
• Development tools
• Literally everything
➢ Watch: AWS explains how their cloud works
CLOUD COMPUTING
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Why is it Called Cloud?
43 Pinterest
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CLOUD COMPUTING
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➢ Pay for only what you need and use
➢ Real-time scalability (up or down)
➢ Align computing costs with level of business activity
➢ Reduce fixed costs in IT infrastructure
Cloud Computing Goals
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➢ Software-as-a-service (SaaS)
➢ Platform-as-a-service (PaaS)
➢ Infrastructure-as-a-service (IaaS)
Many Implementations of the Cloud
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➢ SaaS
• delivery model for software in which you pay for software on a pay-per-use basis instead of buying the software outright.
➢ Most well known
➢ Supports multi-tenancy
• multiple people can simultaneously use a single instance of a piece of software.
Software-As-A-Service
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SaaS and Multi-Tenancy
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➢ PaaS – delivery model for software identical to SaaS with the additional features of
1. The ability to customize data entry forms, screens, reports, and the like
2. Access to software development tools to alter the way in which the software works by adding new modules (services) and/or making modifications to existing modules
Platform-As-A-Service
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PaaS
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➢ IaaS - model in which you acquire all your technology needs
• storage hardware and data
• network equipment
• application software
• operating system software
• data backups
• CPU processing capabilities
• anti-you-name-it software
➢ All you need – smartphone/tablet and peripheral devices (e.g., printer)
Infrastructure-As-A-Service
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Service Comparison
52 www.hostingadvice.com
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➢ Public cloud – comprises cloud services that exist on the Internet offered to anyone and any business.
• Amazon Web Services (AWS)
• Digital Ocean
• ElasticHosts
• Google Cloud Connect
• IBM Cloud
• Windows Azure
• Oracle Cloud
Public and Private Clouds
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Public Cloud Revenue Forecast
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➢ Private cloud – cloud computing services established and hosted by an organization on its internal network and available only to employees and departments within that organization
➢ All benefits of cloud computing, except held private within an organization
Public and Private Clouds
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➢ Hybrid cloud –
Public and Private Clouds
56 Thegeekstuff.com
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➢ The cloud provider relies on Virtual Machines
The Cloud Provider
57 KSC
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➢ Another option are containers
• A container does not need an operating system image
• Docker is one of the top vendors for container solutions
The Cloud Provider
58 ZDNET
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➢ Bare Metal Cloud – The customer rents hardware to build its own architecture
Other Cloud Concepts
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➢ BPaaS – Business Process as a Service
• Paypal provides a payment service
• Human Capital Management as a service
Other Cloud Concepts
60 IBM blogs
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➢ BPaaS – Sits on top of the cloud service offering
Other Cloud Concepts
61 Thegeekstuff.com
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➢ DaaS – Data as a Service • Allows a business to use on-demand collated data streams from
various sources • Data can be consolidated without the cost of a on-site storage • Maintenance of data comes from a provider with the know-how • Related to Big Data • Priced on storage capacity and data access
➢ DWaaS – Data Ware House as a Service
➢ BDaaS – Big Data as a Service
➢ AIaaS – Artificial Intelligence as a Service
➢ EaaS – Edge as a Service
Other Cloud Concepts
62 IBM blogs
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➢ Hybrid Cloud
• Includes:
o on premise data centers
o private cloud solutions
o public cloud service providers
➢ Multi Cloud
• Includes:
oPublic clouds from many different vendors
Other Cloud Concepts
63 IBM blogs
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➢ Lower capital expenditures
➢ Lower barriers to entry
➢ Immediate access to a broad range of application software
➢ Real-time scalability
Advantages of the Cloud
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Disdvantages of the Cloud
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IT Success Metrics
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➢ To justify costs of technology, you need to measure its success
➢ Metrics are also called benchmarks, baseline values a system seeks to attain.
➢ Benchmarking
• process of continuously measuring system results and comparing them to benchmarks
IT SUCCESS METRICS
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➢ Efficiency – doing something right
• In the least time
• At the lowest cost
• With the fewest errors
➢ Effectiveness – doing the right things
• Getting customers to buy when they visit your site
• Answering the right question with the right answer the first time
Efficiency & Effectiveness Metrics
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Efficiency & Effectiveness Metrics
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Bottom-line initiatives typically focus on efficiency, while top-line initiatives tend to focus on effectiveness.
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➢ Infrastructure-centric metrics
➢ Web-centric metrics
➢ Call center metrics
Types of IT Success Metrics
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➢ Infrastructure-centric metric – measure of efficiency, speed, and/or capacity of technology
• Throughput
o amount of information that can pass through a system in a given amount of time
• Transaction speed
o speed at which a system can process a transaction
• System availability
o the average amount of time a system is down or unavailable
Infrastructure-Centric Metrics
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➢ Infrastructure-centric metric (cont’d)
• Accuracy
o measured inversely as error rate, or the number of errors per thousand/million that a system generates
• Response time
o average time to respond to a user-generated event like a mouse click
• Scalability
o conceptual metric related to how well a system can be adapted to increased demands
Infrastructure-Centric Metrics
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➢ Web-centric metric – success of your Web and e-business initiatives
• Unique visitors – # of unique visitors to a site
• Total hits – number of visits to a site
• Page exposures – average page exposures to an individual visitor
• Conversion rate - % of potential customers who visit your site and who actually buy something
Web-Centric Metrics
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➢ Web-centric metric (cont’d)
• Click-through - # of people who click on an ad and are taken to another site
• Cost-per-thousand – sales dollars generated per dollar of advertising
• Abandoned registrations - # who start to register at your site and then abandon the process
• Abandoned shopping carts - # who create a shopping cart and then abandon it
Web-Centric Metrics
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➢ Call center metric – measures the success of call center efforts
• Abandon rate - % number of callers who hang up while waiting for their call to be answered
• Average speed to answer (ASA) – average time, usually in seconds, that it takes for a call to be answered by an actual person
• Time service factor (TSF) - % of calls answered within a specific time frame, such as 30 or 90 seconds
• First call resolution (FCR) - % of calls that can be resolved without having to call back
Call Center Metrics
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Business Continuity Planning (BCP)
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➢ Business continuity planning (BCP)
• rigorous and well-informed organizational methodology for developing a business continuity plan, a step-by-step guideline defining how the organization will recover from a disaster or extended disruption
➢ BCP is very necessary today given terror threats, increased climate volatility, etc.
BUSINESS CONTINUITY PLANNING
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BUSINESS CONTINUITY PLANNING METHODOLOGY
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1. Organizational strategic plan
2. Analysis
3. Design
4. Implementation
5. Testing
6. Maintenance
BCP METHODOLOGY
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➢ It all starts here
➢ The strategic plan defines what is and what is not important
➢ You must have a business continuity plan for what is important
Organizational Strategic Plan
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➢ Impact analysis – • risk assessment, evaluating IT assets, their importance, and
susceptibility to threat
➢ Threat analysis • document all possible major threats to organizational assets
➢ Impact scenario analysis • build worst-case scenario for each threat
➢ Requirement recovery document • identifies critical assets, threats to them, and worst-case
scenarios
Analysis
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➢ Build disaster recovery plan (DRP), detailed plan for recovering from a disaster. May include:
• Collocation facility
o rented space and telecommunications equipment
• Hot site
o fully equipped facility where your company can move to
• Cold site
o facility where your company can move to but has no computer equipment
Design
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Design
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Disaster recovery plan should include a disaster recovery cost curve, which charts the cost of unavailable information/technology compared to the cost to
recover from a disaster over time.
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➢ Engage any businesses that will provide collocation facilities, hot sites, and cold sites
➢ Implement procedures for recovering from a disaster
➢ Train employees
➢ Evaluate each IT system to ensure that it is configured optimally for recovering from a disaster
Implementation
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➢ As opposed to traditional SDLC, testing in BCP methodology occurs after implementation
➢ Simulate disaster scenarios
➢ Have employees execute disaster recovery plans
➢ Evaluate success and refine as necessary
Testing
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➢ Perform testing annually, at a minimum
➢ Change business continuity plan as organizational strategic plan changes
➢ Evaluate and react to new threats
➢ No “system” is ever complete
Maintenance
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Questions?
Thank you!
