SRD- ASS 1B

The 500 Family Study [1998-2000: United States]

ICPSR 4549

Barbara Schneider University of Chicago. National Organization for Research and Computing (NORC). Alfred P. Sloan Center on Parents, Children and Work

Linda J. Waite University of Chicago. National Organization for Research and Computing (NORC). Alfred P. Sloan Center on Parents, Children and Work

User Guide

P.O. Box 1248 Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106

www.icpsr.umich.edu

About Research Connections

These data are made available by the Child Care and Early Education Research Connections project. Research Connections promotes high quality research in child care and early education and the use of that research in policymaking.

Research Connections is operated by the National Center for Children in Poverty at the Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University and the Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research at the Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, through a cooperative agreement with the Child Care Bureau, Office of Family Assistance and the Office of Planning, Research, and Evaluation, Administration for Children and Families in the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.

Terms of Use The terms of use for this study can be found at:

http://www.icpsr.umich.edu/cocoon/ICPSR/TERMS/4549.xml

THE 500 HUNDRED FAMILY STUDY The Sloan Center on Parents, Children and Work completed an original data collection involving 500 families: 300 families with teenage children and 200 families with kindergarten-age children. In order to accomplish this massive data collection task, they trained and employed the interviewing skills of close to 40 graduate students, advanced undergraduates, post-doctoral fellows and faculty members.

Families with teenage children were drawn from 7 cities across the United States. Families with kindergarten-age children were drawn from 3 local sites. With one exception, the study sites were also used in the Sloan Study of Youth and Social Development, a longitudinal study of adolescents conducted from 1992-1997. The sites were selected to allow follow up with a small number of families from the Alfred P. Sloan Study of Youth and Social Development.

Sixty-three families from the Study of Youth and Social Development consented to participate in the working family study. The remaining families were recruited through the schools and solicitations by phone, mail, and newspaper advertisements.

Data collection included surveys, qualitative interviews, standardized child assessments, and the Experience Sampling Method (ESM). The ESM is a signal-contingent data collection method in which participants wear specially programmed wristwatches that signal them to answer brief questionnaires at randomly chosen moments throughout the day for a 7-day period. To validate the data collected by the ESM, two experiments based on standard time diary methods were conducted during the course of the study. The results of these experiments are being used to compare the findings of ESM with other forms of time diary data collections.

Supplementary Data Collection

To supplement the data collected from families with teenage children, an abridged version of the adolescent survey was administered to a cohort of 527 ninth graders from one of the sites. The parents of all students who completed the survey in school were sent an abridged version of the parent survey to complete and return by mail.

500 FAMILY STUDY RESEARCH QUESTIONS

1.How do dual career families manage and organize their resources and time between family and work?

2.How do work conditions, including characteristics of the job and workplace environment, affect the quality of relationships among household members?

3.How do dual career parents manage the moral and social development and learning experiences of their children?

4.How do the work-related responsibilities of working parents affect their child’s moral, social, and educational development?

5.What effect is consumerism and technology having on how working families direct the moral and social development of their children?

6.What do parents believe is their role regarding the child-care of their children and how they should fulfill that role both in terms of time and in the allocation of economic and social resources? What are some of the resources in the community that parents use to supervise their children?

7.How do families regard the “free time” of adolescents and how they allocate adolescent “free time” in maintenance of the household?

8.What is the quality of relationships among family members? Summary The Alfred P. Sloan Center on Parents, Children, and Work at the University of Chicago seeks to examine how working families make investments in time and resources, how these choices are made, the effects these investments have on the quality of family relationships, and the resulting socialization of school-age children and adolescents. The Center’s work focuses on analyzing existing databases as well as conducting original data collections. The Center conducted intensive interviews with several hundred working families to comprehensively investigate the social and economic contexts that impact family investments and relationships in both the household and workplace. STUDY OBJECTIVES The 500 Family Study was designed to obtain in-depth information on middle class dual- career families across the United States. To fully grasp the complex dynamics facing today’s working families, over 500 families from eight cities across the country were studied. To address the different issues facing parents of with adolescents and younger children, both families with adolescents and kindergarteners were sampled. Multiple methods were used to learn about the work and family experiences of middle class, dual income families. Working mothers and fathers are now splitting their time between three jobs (and 2 people), the responsibilities of the family as well as their respective occupations. This study of 500 families explores how work affects the lives and well being of parents and their children. SAMPLE CHARACTERISTICS & SITES The 500 Family Study sample was comprised of (approximately) 500 dual-career, middle class families residing in 8 communities across the country. The initial sample (N = 300) was selected from the Sloan Study of Youth and Social Development. Seven of the communities included in SSYSD were selected for the 500 Family Study. An additional community was added to increase access to families with kindergarteners.

In order to gather a representative sample, sites were located in the Midwest, Southeast, Northeast, as well as the West Coast. Five sites were located in the Midwest (Maple, Forest Bluff, Kingston, Metawa, and Cedar). [The school system in 1 of the Midwestern communities requested that an additional cohort of adolescents and their families be included in the study. Abridged versions of the instruments were administered to a cohort of 527 ninth graders and 182 of their parents.] One site was located in the Southeast

(Feldnor), one site was located in the Northeast (Middle Brook), and one was located on the West Coast (Del Mar). All of these communities represent varying degrees of urbanization, labor force composition, and socioeconomic status. Half of the communities sampled were predominantly upper middle class. The majority (roughly 60-70%) of parents sampled were college educated professionals whose family incomes were above $50,000 per year. The remaining communities were predominantly middle and lower-middle class. Roughly 20-30% of adults in these communities had earned college or advanced degrees and the median family income ranged from $40,000 to $44,000. Families were solicited by phone, mail, and newspaper advertisements. In each of the 8 communities permission from school administration was obtained to send out informational packets. In addition, families were referred to the study by parents already participating in the study. Family Type N Adolescent Families 327 Kindergarten Families 157 Adolescent and Kindergarten Families 28 Total 512 Key Sample Characteristics

• The majority of parents in the study were married and living together (80%)1 • In 4% of families, parents lived together in a marriage-like relationship, including

6 same sex couples with children. • 11% of parents were divorced • 4% of families were headed by single mothers who do not live with their

child(ren)’s fathers • 1% of parents were widowed • Parents in this study had higher education; in over 90% of families at least one

parent has at least a college degree. 50% of mothers and 65% of fathers held at least a master’s degree. Parents in the sample worked in a variety of occupations with the highest proportion (over 30%) employed as executives or managers. Parents in this study also earn relatively high incomes. Over 50% of fathers earned more than $75,000 per year. Although mothers were less likely than their male counterparts to report high incomes, 14% of mothers reported annual incomes of more than $75,000 per year. Consistent with the occupational breakdown, parents in the study also reported long work hours. More than half of the fathers in the sample reported working 46 or more hours per week. More than 20% of mothers reported similar work schedules.

1 The intent of the study was to examine dual-career couples with children, over time changed in the status of participating families occurred. Some parents lost their jobs, other separated, divorced, and remarried.

• Study participation: One strength of the 500 Family Study is the high participation rates of fathers. In many large scale national studies information about the family is obtained from only one family member, usually the mother.

• Adolescent breakdown: 52% female, 48% male. Most adolescents in the sample reported grades of B or higher.

• Young children in the study were typically 5 or 6 years old and were enrolled in kindergarten. Similar to the adolescent sample, 52% male and 48% female.

DATA COLLECTION/METHODOLOGY Data were collected from 1999 to 2000 during which time teams of researchers met with participating family members in their homes. To ensure confidentiality, all individuals were assigned identification numbers to label data with; names do not appear on any study materials. All study participants were given an orientation to the study and instruments. ESM signaling began the day after this orientation. To prevent family members from influencing each other’s responses, researchers asked that individuals keep their responses to themselves. Families were instructed to send their ESM booklets back to the Center immediately after completing their week. The quality of all the data was carefully monitored. In the event that survey items were missing, respondents were contacted to retrieve missing or un-interpretable information to ensure that each respondent had a complete set of data. Instruments/Methodology – 3 major methodologies (“triangulating data”) ESM The ESM is a unique method for examining how individuals spend their time, who they spend it with, and what activities they are engaged in over the course of a typical week. The ESM is useful for eliciting the subjective experiences of respondents when in their natural environments. It allows the respondents to report their activities as they occur, throughout the day, while simultaneously detailing their cognitive and affective states. This methodology allows researchers to examine how differences in time, location, physical, and social environments affect the quality of experience. For example, the ESM data allows researchers to identify what day-to-day activities respondents enjoy the least, find the most stressful, feel the most productive when engaged in, etc. For the purposes of this study, it allowed researchers to identify continuities and discontinuities in the lives of working families as well as the range of activities and experiences that occur in the socially diverse settings of their lives. It also allowed researchers to pinpoint high and low points as working families negotiate the worlds or work, school, and family. For this study respondents wore pre-programmed wrist watches that signaled the focal students randomly eight times each day at different intervals (no less than 30 minutes apart and no more than 2 hours apart) from 7:30am through 10:30pm over the course of a week. The predetermined schedule was designed to be unpredictable and changed each day. This provided researchers with a representative sample of each person’s moods and activities for that day and week. The emotion was recorded as it was experienced naturally rather than being experimentally induced in a laboratory.

When possible, family members were placed on identical signaling schedules to provide researchers with a scope of family activities. At the time of each beep, participants were asked to complete a self-report form which asked them to answer a number of open- ended questions about their location, activities, who they were with, and psychological states. Several Likert and semantic-differential scales were used to assess participants’ psychological states. Respondents provided over 45,000 ESM responses during the week of signaling. Participants were typically signaled 8 times a day for 7 consecutive days (56 signals per person/per week). In some cases, schedules were modified to accommodate respondents who were awake for substantially fewer or greater than 16 hours each day. Although respondents were asked to respond to all beeps at the time of signal, there were activities that made this impossible (i.e. while bathing, driving, or attending a sports practice). In such instances, participants were encouraged to fill out the ESM form as soon as possible. To note the discrepancy in time of signal and time of response, respondents were asked to record both. Response rates are detailed below: On average, mothers responded to 44 out of 56 signals over the course of a week (roughly a 78% response rate), and fathers responded to 41 out of 56 signals (roughly a 73% response rate). The response rate of adolescents was the lowest, 30 out of 56 signals, with girls having higher response rates than boys (34 out of 56 versus 27 out of 56, respectively). Instruments/Survey Data Parent Surveys The parent survey was designed to obtain information on parents’ family and work lives. Both parents were asked to complete different versions (one for mothers and one for fathers). Only mothers were asked to complete questions concerning household composition (number of family members, age, gender, relationship to focal child, etc.) to avoid response burden. Several items were taken from a variety of national data sets, including the 1990 U.S. Census, the Current Population Survey, the Quality of Employment Survey, and the National Educational Longitudinal Study of 1988-2000 (NELS: 1998-2000). Parent surveys gathered basic demographic information from respondents as well as detailed information about parent’s occupation, job duties, income, work schedule, benefits (i.e. medical care, flexible work schedules, and family leave), and the consequences of their jobs (i.e. long hours, job stress, having to work weekends). Parents were also asked the extent to which they experienced work-family conflict and what might help them balance the demands of work and family. Respondents were also asked to rate their attitudes toward traditional household and family arrangements in order to examine gender roles. The other major focus of the parent surveys is how children are socialized in families with two parents who work. Questions concerning the frequency with which parents

engage in certain activities with their children (e.g. talking, eating meals together, etc.). Parents of adolescents were also asked about the degree to which they monitor their children’s lives, school activities, plans for college, career plans, friendships, peer groups, and peer pressure. Parents were also asked how well their children were doing in school, their grades, and whether or not they had received any academic awards. Survey items measuring psychological well-being were also included to gauge how well working parents cope with the demands of their lives. Scales measuring depression and marital satisfaction were taken from the 20-item Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D) scale2 and the 15-item ENRICH Marital Satisfaction Scale3. Additional items measuring anxiety, anger, self-esteem, and stress were drawn from Rosenberg’s Self- Esteem Scale, Taylor’s Anxiety and Anger Inventories, and Cohen’s Perceived Stress Scale.4 An inventory of stressful life events was also taken from NELS: 1988-2000 and included. Parents of kindergarteners were also asked to complete a 20-item Parents Hassles Scale, developed by Crnic and Greenberg (1990), to assess the degree of stresses and difficulties parents of young children face on a daily basis. Adolescent Survey The adolescent surveys’ main foci are family relationships, school experiences, paid work, psychological well-being, and plans for the future. Items were drawn from national surveys to ensure comparability with national samples. Measures were taken from NELS: 1988-2000, the Sloan Study of Youth and Social Development, the General Social Survey, and the Families and Communities Study. Several items from the Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment were modified to measure adolescent attachment. To allow for family level comparison, several items were included in both the adolescent and parent surveys. These items include: the frequency with which parents and adolescents discuss school events; the college process, career plans, participation in religious activities, the division of household labor, gender roles and items measuring psychological states such as stress, depression, and anxiety. Physiological Stress Study – Cortisol Data A subsample of families participated in a study of physiological stress. Parents and teenagers who agreed to participate completed an additional two days of ESM data collection. During these two days they were signaled six times and asked to provide samples of salivary cortisol 20 minutes after each signal. Those participating also completed a health questionnaire that included questions about dietary and health factors that could affect cortisol levels. Parents were also asked questions about their child’s health. An abbreviated cortisol study was conducted with kindergarteners who were asked to provide cortisol samples when they woke up in the morning and right before they went to bed over the course of two days.

2 See Radloff 1977 for more information. 3 See Olson, Fournier, and Druckman 1987 for more information. 4 See Rosenberg 1979, Taylor and Tomasic 1996, and Cohen and Williamson 1988 for more information.

Qualitative Data - Interviews The main purpose of the interviews was to explore topics addressed in the surveys in greater detail. Parent interviews were designed to examine how working parents cope with the demands of work and family life. Topics included: career history, changes in work life made in response to the demands of family; when parents decided to start a family; time allocated to work and family and how parents perceived themselves to be balancing the two; how parents cope with stress and time pressures; definitions of quality time; how parents monitor their children; and specific values and beliefs that parents hold and impart on their children. Adolescent interviews touched on similar themes but altered questions to gauge children’s perceptions of their parents’ work and family lives. Topics included: what parents did on a typical work day; what adolescents found interesting or disliked about their parents’ jobs; whether parents had difficulty balancing the demands of work and family and how these demands affected family life. Additional questions addressed adolescent future expectations, plans for marriage and children, how they cope with peer and family pressures, how comfortable they felt and how often they communicated with their families, and beliefs and values learned from both family members and others.

FILE SET UP Data files are sorted by identification (ID) numbers. The ID numbers are assigned based on family type. Those in the 1000s denote families where the focal child is an adolescent, the 2000s denote families where the focal child is a kindergartner, and the 3000s denote families with both an adolescent and a kindergarten aged child. In addition to family type, the ID number also indicates the type of person (i.e. mother, father, focal child, etc.) by the last two digits in the ID number. All of the variables in the ESM and survey files should match questions asked in the instruments. Survey data files should be sorted based on respondent ID number and have corresponding variables for all measures asked. Questions that have multiple options and allow respondents to choose more than one should be recoded into separate dummy variables with yes/no codes for each. The same should be done for all questions with sub- questions. ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES

• To avoid response bias standardized z scores were computed for respondents’ subjective experience measures and used for analysis

• Clusters of variables were transformed into composites (positive experience, productive state, self-esteem) using a person level mean based on several measures

KEY FINDINGS • Work plays a significant role in the lives of dual-career families, not only in terms

of time spent in work-related pursuits, but also with respect to parents' attitudes toward work when at home and with their children. It seems that work provides some challenges and intrinsic engagement not found at home, but that parents feel better at home than at work.

• Work appears to have the strongest influence in the social interactions mothers and fathers have with each other and with their children, and these relationships can be especially negative if the parents spend long hours at jobs that have low in autonomy or self-direction.

• The number of hours parents work and the complexity of their job profoundly affect adolescents' views of their own future roles.

• For most working parents, trade-offs and compromises between family and work obligations appear unavoidable. Having to choose between undesirable alternatives often results in feelings of guilt and regret, particularly for mothers. Work becomes a problem for parents not because it is challenging or even demanding, but because the expectations of full-time professionals and other workers collide with and overpower family needs.

• Overworking is pervasive among the families in the study, and parents aren’t necessarily working long hours by choice. Work is pursuing today’s families.

• One reason people may want to work in demanding jobs is that they feel significantly more cognitively engaged and have higher self-esteem when at work than at home. For many parents, work provides an environment of challenge and interest that does not occur elsewhere.

• Probing deeper into the lives of both satisfied and dissatisfied couples, our research shows that higher numbers of depressive symptoms and lower levels of self-esteem of parents are mediated by the couple relationship, particularly role management, spouse's personality and traits, communication, and affection and sexual relations. These results suggest that marital satisfaction involves not only role clarity but intimacy and communication.

• In general, women devote more time to housework than men, especially when household management is included in the measurement of housework. However, when comparing experience sampling results to survey estimates, our researchers found that wives make accurate estimates of the amount of time husbands spend on housework, whereas husbands overestimate the amount of time wives spend on housework. Part of this discrepancy may be due to differences in definitions of housework, which often tend to underestimate the amount of time women are spending.

• Children are affected by the work experiences of both their mothers and fathers. A particular weakness of previous research is that it has examined mothers' employment decisions and experiences in isolation rather than looking at such experiences within the context of the family. When fathers' attitudes and experiences are examined.

• In order to cope with the demands of being a working parent, mothers and fathers are multi-tasking more than ever. This comes with a price, as the subjective experience is reduced when parents are multi-tasking.

• Mothers are bearing more of the burden then fathers; mothers perform more household tasks/chores in addition to their regular jobs.

• Today’s working parents are working 3 jobs: their respective occupations as well as the 2nd shift (of the day), parenting.

REFERENCES Books

Schneider, B. and L. J. Waite, (Eds.) 2005.Being Together, Working Apart: Dual-Career Families and the Work-Life Balance. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Book Chapters/Monographs

Adam, E.K., Klimes-Dougan, B., & Gunnar, M. (in press). Social regulation of stress physiology in infancy, childhood and adulthood: Implications for mental health and education. To appear in: Donna Coch, Geraldine Dawson & Kurt Fischer (Eds), Human Behavior and the Developing Brain: Atypical Development. Guilford Press.

Adam, E.K. 2005. "Momentary Emotion and Cortisol Levels in the Everyday Lives of Working Parents." In Being Together, Working Apart: Dual-Career Families and the Work-Life Balance, edited by B. Schneider and L. Waite. Cambridge University Press.

Dempsey, N.P. 2005. “Television Use and Communication within Families with Adolescents.” In Being Together, Working Apart: Dual-Career Families and the Work- Life Balance, edited by B. Schneider and L. Waite. Cambridge University Press.

Hoogstra, L. 2005. "The Design of the 500 Family Study." In Being Together, Working Apart: Dual-Career Families and the Work-Life Balance, edited by B. Schneider and L. Waite. Cambridge University Press.

Jeong, J. G. 2005. “Obtaining Accurate Measures of Time Use from the ESM.” In Being Together, Working Apart: Dual-Career Families and the Work-Life Balance, edited by B. Schneider and L. Waite. Cambridge University Press.

Kalil, A., J. A. Levine, and K. M. Ziol-Guest. 2005. “Following in their Parents’ Footsteps: How Characteristics of Parental Work Predict Adolescents’ Interest in Parents’ Jobs.” In Being Together, Working Apart: Dual-Career Families and the Work-Life Balance, edited by B. Schneider and L. Waite. Cambridge University Press.

Koh, C. 2005. “The Everyday Emotional Experiences of Husbands and Wives.” In Being Together, Working Apart: Dual-Career Families and the Work-Life Balance, edited by B. Schneider and L. Waite. Cambridge University Press.

Lee, Y. 2005. “Measuring the Gender Gap in Household Labor: Accurately Estimating Wives and Husbands’ Contributions.” In Being Together, Working Apart: Dual-Career Families and the Work-Life Balance, edited by B. Schneider and L. Waite. Cambridge University Press.

Lee, Y. S., B. Schneider, and L. J. Waite. 2002. Determinants of social and educational consequences of children's housework. In Social Studies of Children and Youth, vol. 9, ed. K. B. Rosier. Stamford, CT: JAI Press.

Lewin, A.C. (2005). “Marriage and the family” in Being Together, Working Apart: Dual- Career Families and the Work-Life Balance, edited by Barbara Schneider and Linda J. Waite. New York: Cambridge University Press, pp.167-168.

Maier, K. S. 2005. “Transmitting Educational Values: Parent Occupation and Adolescent Development.” In Being Together, Working Apart: Dual-Career Families and the Work- Life Balance, edited by B. Schneider and L. Waite. Cambridge University Press.

Marchena, E. 2005. “Adolescents’ Assessments of Parental Role Management in Dual- Earner Families.” In Being Together, Working Apart: Dual-Career Families and the Work-Life Balance, edited by B. Schneider and L. Waite. Cambridge University Press.

Marchena, E., and L. J. Waite. 2002. Re-assessing family goals and attitudes in late adolescence: The effects of natal family experiences and early family formation. Pp. 97- 127 in Meaning and choice: Value orientations and life course decisions, ed. R. Lesthaeghe and W. Axinn. Brussels: The Netherlands Interdisciplinary Demographic Institute.

Martinez, S. 2005. “Women’s Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivations for Working.” In Being Together, Working Apart: Dual-Career Families and the Work-Life Balance, edited by B. Schneider and L. Waite. Cambridge University Press.

Matjasko, J.L. and A.F. Feldman. 2005. “Emotional Transmission Between Parents and Adolescents: The Importance.” In Being Together, Working Apart: Dual-Career Families and the Work-Life Balance, edited by B. Schneider and L. Waite. Cambridge University Press.

Nielsen, M.R. 2005. "Couples Making It Happen: Marital Satisfaction and What Works for Highly Satisfied Couples." In Being Together, Working Apart: Dual-Career Families and the Work-Life Balance, edited by B. Schneider and L. Waite. Cambridge University Press.

Rubinstein, Y. and C. B. Mulligan. 2005. "Estimating and Imputing Incomes for Middle Class Families." In Being Together, Working Apart: Dual-Career Families and the Work- Life Balance, edited by B. Schneider and L. Waite. Cambridge University Press.

Schmidt, J. A. 2005. "Religiosity, Emotional Well-Being, and Family Processes in Working." In Being Together, Working Apart: Dual-Career Families and the Work-Life Balance, edited by B. Schneider and L. Waite. Cambridge University Press.

Schneider, B. and L.J. Waite. 2005. "Why Study Working Families?" In Being Together, Working Apart: Dual-Career Families and the Work-Life Balance, edited by B. Schneider and L. Waite. Cambridge University Press.

Sexton, H.R. 2005. Spending Time at Work and at Home: What Workers Do, How They Feel About It, and How These Emotions Affect Family Life. In Being Together, Working

Apart: Dual-Career Families and the Work-Life Balance, edited by B. Schneider and L. Waite. Cambridge University Press.

Steunkel, C. P. 2005. "A Strategy for Working Families: High-Level Commodification of Household Services." In Being Together, Working Apart: Dual-Career Families and the Work-Life Balance, edited by B. Schneider and L. Waite. Cambridge University Press.

Waite, L. J. 2002. Marriage and the dual-career family. In International encyclopedia for the behavioral and social sciences, ed. N. Smelser and P. Baltes. New York: Elsevier.

Weinshenker, M. N. 2005. "Imagining Family Roles: Parental Influences on the Expectations of Adolescents in Dual-Career Families." In Being Together, Working Apart: Dual-Career Families and the Work-Life Balance, edited by B. Schneider and L. Waite. New York: Cambridge University Press. Pp. 365-388.

Articles

Adam, E.K. (2006). “Transactions among trait and state emotion and adolescent diurnal and momentary cortisol activity in naturalistic settings.” Psychoneuroendocrinology, 31(5), 664-679.

Adam, E. K., and P. L. Chase-Lansdale. 2002. Home sweet home(s): Parental separations, residential moves and adjustment problems in low-income adolescent girls. Developmental Psychology 38:792-805.

Adam, E. K., and M. R. Gunnar. 2001. Relationship functioning and home and work demands predict individual differences in diurnal cortisol patterns in women. Psychoneuroendocrinology 26:189-208.

Kurina, L.M., B. Schneider, and L.J. Waite. “Emotional and relational correlates of depression in dual-earner families: The key contexts of gender and family life stages.” Submitted to Social Psychology Quarterly.

Kurina, LM. 2006. “Emotional and relational correlates of depression in dual-earner families: The key contexts of gender and family life stage.” Presented at Population Association of America Meeting, Los Angeles, CA.

Kurina, L.M., B. Schneider, and L.J. Waite. 2004. "Stress, Symptoms of Depression and Anxiety, and Cortisol Patterns in Working Partners." Stress and Health, 20, 53-63.

Weinshenker, M. N. Forthcoming. “Adolescents’ Expectations about Mothers’ Employment: Life Course Patterns and Parental Influence.” Sex Roes.

Other Publications

Snell, E. & Adam, E.K. (2006). Adolescents’ momentary emotion and motivation at school and at study: Family influences. Manuscript in preparation.

Working Papers

Broege, Nora, Ann Owens, & Barbara Schneider, University of Chicago; Anthony P. Graesch & Jeanne E. Arnold, UCLA. 2006. Uniting Perspectives: Assessing Togetherness At Home for Middle-Class Dual-Earner Families. Working Paper, 06-01. University of Chicago, Sloan Center on Parents, Children, and Work.

Broege, Nora, Ann Owens, & Barbara Schneider, University of Chicago; Anthony P. Graesch & Jeanne E. Arnold, UCLA. 2005. Uniting Perspectives: Assessing Togetherness At Home for Middle-Class Dual-Earner Families. Working Paper, 05-03. University of Chicago, Sloan Center on Parents, Children, and Work.

Snyder, Karrie. 2005. Vocabularies of Quality Time. Working Paper 05-05. University of Chicago, Sloan Center on Parents, Children, and Work.

Kurina, Lianne, Barbara Schneider, and Linda Waite. 2004. Gender, Depressive Symptoms, and Psychological Permeability: A Study in Dual-Earner Families. Working Paper 04-02. University of Chicago, Sloan Center on Parents, Children, and Work.

Weinshenker, Mathew. 2003. Expected Maternal Employment across the Life Course: A Latent Class Regression Analysis. Working Paper 03-01. University of Chicago, Sloan Center on Parents, Children, and Work.

Rice, Holly and Barbara Schneider. 2003. Feeling Good and Feeling Cooperative: The Importance of Religious Practice, Familial Duties, and Service Activities in the Lives of Adolescents. Working Paper 03-05. University of Chicago, Sloan Center on Parents, Children, and Work.

Kurina, Lianne M., Barbara Schneider, and Linda J. Waite. 2003. Cortisol Patterns Show Little Relationship to Stress or Symptoms of Anxiety or Depression in Working Parents. Working Paper 03-06. University of Chicago, Sloan Center on Parents, Children, and Work.

Waite, Linda, Barbara Schneider, and Holly Rice. 2003. Studying Working Families: The Experience Sampling Method. Working Paper 03-07. University of Chicago, Sloan Center on Parents, Children, and Work.

Offer, Shira and Barbara Schneider. 2003. A Contextual Approach To The Study Of Social Support Among Working Families. Working Paper 03-08. University of Chicago, Sloan Center on Parents, Children, and Work.

Schneider, Barbara, Holly Rice, and Lisa Hoogstra. 2003. The Importance of Religion In Adolescents' Lives. Working Paper 03-09. University of Chicago, Sloan Center on Parents, Children, and Work.

Marchena, Elaine. Can You Pencil Me In? Adolescents' Perceptions Of Parent Work- Family Conflict. Working Paper 03-10. University of Chicago, Sloan Center on Parents, Children, and Work.

Marchena, Elaine. 2003. Making the Grade: Parental Work-family Conflict Through The Eyes of Teens. Working Paper 03-11. University of Chicago, Sloan Center on Parents, Children, and Work.

Marchena, Elaine. 2003. Shared Experiences of Work-family Role Conflict Among Middle Class Dual-Earner Couples. Working Paper 03-12. University of Chicago, Sloan Center on Parents, Children, and Work.

Marchena, Elaine. 2003. All Work and No Play: Work, Family, Leisure Time, and Perceptions of Role Conflict Among Parents in Dual-Earner Families. Working Paper 03- 12. University of Chicago, Sloan Center on Parents, Children, and Work.

Lippold, Melissa and Kristy Beachy-Quick. 2003. Unemployment and the Quality of Family Life: Hidden Benefits and Potential Consequences of Job Loss for the Middle Class. Working Paper 03-14. University of Chicago, Sloan Center on Parents, Children, and Work.

Weinshenker, Matthew N. 2003. Maternal Employment Across The Life Course: Adolescent Expectations And Parental Influence. Working Paper 03-16. University of Chicago, Sloan Center on Parents, Children, and Work.

Courter, Ann. 2003. Having it All: Dual Professional Careers and Family. Working Paper 03-19. University of Chicago, Sloan Center on Parents, Children, and Work.

Maier, Kimberley S., Linda J. Waite, and Barbara Schneider. 2002. Planning Ahead: An Examination of Adolescents' Mood, Motivation and Self-Esteem in the Intergenerational Transmission of Educational Values. Working Paper 02-07. University of Chicago, Sloan Center on Parents, Children, and Work.

Nielsen, Mark R. 2002. Are all Marriages the Same? Marital Satisfaction of Middle-Class Couples. Wokring Paper 02-09. University of Chicago, Sloan Center on Parents, Children, and Work.

Dempsey, Nicholas P. 2002. Television Use and Communication within Families of Adolescents. Working Paper 02-10. University of Chicago, Sloan Center on Parents, Children, and Work.

Weinshenker, Matthew. 2002. Dads Who Clean, Parents Who Push, and Adolescents' Expectations about Marital Roles. Working Paper 02-11. University of Chicago, Sloan Center on Parents, Children, and Work.

Gatzeva, Mariana and Nicholas P. Dempsey. 2002. Determinants of Housework. Working Paper 02-13. University of Chicago, Sloan Center on Parents, Children, and Work.

Bell, Talitha. 2002. Adolescent Television Viewing, Psychological Development, and Family Communication. Working Paper 02-16. University of Chicago, Sloan Center on Parents, Children, and Work.

Deschamps, Allison. 2002. Law, Language, and Incomplete Institutionalization: How Does Parental Involvement Differ Within Two-Parent, Lesbian, Headed Families? Working Paper 02-19. University of Chicago, Sloan Center on Parents, Children, and Work.

Schneider, Barbara, Alisa Ainbinder, and Linda Waite. 2001. Working Families: Thresholds of Stress at Work and Home. Working Paper 01-01. University of Chicago, Sloan Center on Parents, Children, and Work.

Dempsey, Nicholas. 2001. The Functions of Television and Other Media in Family Life. Working Paper 01-02. University of Chicago, Sloan Center on Parents, Children, and Work.

Weinshenker, Matthew. 2001. Imagining Family Roles: Parental Influence on the Expectations of Adolescents in Dual-Career Families. Working Paper 01-04. University of Chicago, Sloan Center on Parents, Children, and Work.

Marchena, Elaine. 2001. Can You Pencil Me In? How Adolescents Assess Their Parents' Work-Family Conflict. Working Paper 01-06. University of Chicago, Sloan Center on Parents, Children, and Work.

Koh, Chi-Young. 2001. Happy Together? A Comparison of Daily Emotions between Spouses. Working Paper 01-08. University of Chicago, Sloan Center on Parents, Children, and Work.

Lee, Yun-Suk, Barbara Schneider, and Linda Waite. 2001. Children and Housework: Some Unanswered Questions. Working Paper 01-10. University of Chicago, Sloan Center on Parents, Children, and Work.

Shibley Hyde, Janet, Nicole M. Else-Quest, and H. Hill Goldsmith. 2001. The Impact of Children's Temperament and Behavior Problems on Their Employed Mothers. Working Paper 01-12. University of Chicago, Sloan Center on Parents, Children, and Work.

Levine, Judith. 2001. Do Female Dominated Occupations Ease Work-Family Conflict? Working Paper 01-16. University of Chicago, Sloan Center on Parents, Children, and Work.

Kalil, Ariel and Judith Levine. 2001. Following in Their Parents' Footsteps: How Characteristics of Parental Work Predict Adolescents' Interest in Parents' Jobs. Working Paper 01-19. University of Chicago, Sloan Center on Parents, Children, and Work.

Maier, Kim, Barbara Schneider, and Linda J. Waite. 2001. Math and Science Career Parents: How They Interact and Impact College and Career Planning with Their Teens. Working Paper 01-22. University of Chicago, Sloan Center on Parents, Children, and Work.

Adam, Emma K. 2001. Momentary Experience Sampling of Emotion, Cognition, and Cortisol Activity in Adolescents and Their Parents. Working Paper 01-23. University of Chicago, Sloan Center on Parents, Children, and Work.

Adam, Emma K. 2001. Parent Employment Conditions, Parent Emotion, and Parenting and Outcomes in Young Children. Working Paper 01-24. University of Chicago, Sloan Center on Parents, Children, and Work.

Jeong, Jaeki. 2001. Time Use Estimates from the Experience Sampling Method (ESM). Working Paper 01-28. University of Chicago, Sloan Center on Parents, Children, and Work.

Stolzenberg, Ross M. and Kristi Williams. 2001. Work Satisfaction and Spouse Health: Effects of Husband's and Wife's Satisfaction with Household Work and Employment on Their Own and Each Other's Health. Working Paper 01-30. University of Chicago, Sloan Center on Parents, Children, and Work.

Marchena, Elaine. 2000. How Parents Structure Young Children's Experiences in Dual- Career Families. Working Paper 00-01. University of Chicago, Sloan Center on Parents, Children, and Work.

Schmidt, Jennifer. 2000. Daily Stressors in Families. Working Paper 00-02. University of Chicago, Sloan Center on Parents, Children, and Work.

Schneider, Barbara. 2000. How Teenagers Spend Their Time Outside of School: Are Parents and Their Teenagers in Agreement? Working Paper 00-03. University of Chicago, Sloan Center on Parents, Children, and Work.

Shernoff, David and Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi. 2000. The Emotional and Affective Development of Adolescents from Working Families. Working Paper 00-04. University of Chicago, Sloan Center on Parents, Children, and Work.

Zucker, Pamela B. 2000. Quality of Experience Among Working Families. Working Paper 00-09. University of Chicago, Sloan Center on Parents, Children, and Work.

Adam, Emma K. 2000. Work, Family, and Physiological Stress in Mothers: Implications for Health. Working Paper 00-10. University of Chicago, Sloan Center on Parents, Children, and Work.

Roney, James, Rustin Wolfe, and Casey Mulligan. 2000. Methodological Issues in the Use of the ESM to Examine Working Families. Working Paper 00-12. University of Chicago, Sloan Center on Parents, Children, and Work.

Zucker, Pamela. 1999. Working Managers: The Quality of Marital Interaction. Working Paper 99-00. University of Chicago, Sloan Center on Parents, Children, and Work.

Adam, Emma K. 1999. The Effects of Relationship Style, Hours of Paid Work, and Division of Child-Rearing Labor on Emotional and Physiological Stress in Working Mothers. Working Paper 99-04. University of Chicago, Sloan Center on Parents, Children, and Work.

Larson, Reed W. and David M. Almeida. 1999. Emotional Transmission in the Daily Lives of Families: A New Paradigm for Studying Family Process. Working Paper 99-06. University of Chicago, Sloan Center on Parents, Children, and Work.

Yamaguchi, Kazuo and Yantao Wang. 1999. Gender-Role Attitude, Wives' Employment and the Household Division of Labor Among American Families. Working Paper 99-10. University of Chicago, Sloan Center on Parents, Children, and Work.

Mulligan, Casey B., Barbara Schneider, and Rustin Wolfe. 1999. Time Use and Population Representation In the Sloan Study of Adolescents. Working Paper 99-12. University of Chicago, Sloan Center on Parents, Children, and Work.

Schneider, Barbara and Sami Abuhamdeh. 1999. The Importance of Being Alone: Mothers and Identity Formation. Working Paper 99-16. University of Chicago, Sloan Center on Parents, Children, and Work.

Schmidt, Jennifer. 1999. Family Time: Quantity and Quality of Parent-Adolescent Interactions in Two-Parent Working Families. Working Paper 99-29. University of Chicago, Sloan Center on Parents, Children, and Work.

Shernoff, David and Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi. 1999. The Experience of Home and School for Working Class, Middle, and Upper Class Students. Working Paper 99-31. University of Chicago, Sloan Center on Parents, Children, and Work.

Presentations

Adam, E.K. (2006). Strategies for modeling diurnal cortisol slopes in population-based research: Implications of number and timing of salivary cortisol samples for slope estimates. Submitted to Psychoneuroendocrinology.

Adam, E.K. (June 2005). Social relationships and the regulation of stress hormones. Invited paper at the Introductory Conference of Cells to Society: The Center on Social Disparities and Health at the Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL.

Adam, E.K. (November 2004). Regulation of stress-hormone activity by family and community contexts: Potential implications for health. Invited paper presentation in Frontiers of Family Research, a special session of the National Council on Family Relations, Orlando, FL.

Adam, E.K. (October 2004). Social regulation of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal activity in human infants, children and adolescents. Invited paper presentation at Stress and Asthma, a conference organized by The American Thoracic Society, Arlington, VA.

Adam, E.K. (September 2004). Adolescent experiences and stress hormone levels in home and school contexts. Paper presentation at the National Academy of Education Fall Forum, Stanford, CA.

Adam, E.K. (July 2004). Social regulation of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) activity in human infants, young children, and adolescents. In F. Cirulli and S. Levine (Chairs) Early experience: When does it become disruptive for brain development and behavior? Invited paper symposium conducted at the 4th Forum of European Neuroscience, Lisbon, Portugal.

Adam, E.K. and Pendry, P. (March 2003). Salivary cortisol and family functioning: Effects of emotion, conflict and parenting. Paper presented at XXXIII Congress of the International Society of Psychoneuroendocrinology, Pisa, Italy.

Adam, E. K. April 2002. "Momentary emotion and cortisol activity in adolescents' everyday lives." In E. K. Adam (Chair), Adolescent hormone-behavior relations: Moderating effects of age, sex, social context and psychopathology. Symposium conducted at the Biennial Meeting of the Society for Research on Adolescence, New Orleans, Louisiana.

Adam, E. K. March 2002. "Measuring stress in families: Combining biological and phenomenological approaches." Paper presented at the International Conference on Time pressure, Work-family interface, and parent-child relationships. Waterloo, Ontario.

Adam, E. K. October 2001. "Diurnal cortisol activity and cortisol reactivity in the everyday lives of parents and children." Invited poster presentation conducted at Well- being and dysfunction across the generations: Change and continuity, Jacobs Foundation Conference, Marbach Castle, Germany.

Adam, E. May 24, 2001. “Parent Employment, Parent Emotion and Stress, and Behavioral, Cognitive and Emotional Outcomes in Young Children.” Affiliated Scholar of the Sloan Center and School of Education and Social Policy at Northwestern University. Presented at the Sloan Center on Parents, Children, and Work workshop series at the University of Chicago.

Adam, E. K. April 2001. "Adult attachment, cortisol reactivity and diurnal cortisol activity in mothers of toddlers." In G. Roisman (Chair), Psychophysiological perspectives on the adult attachment interview. Symposium conducted at The Biennial Meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development, Minneapolis.

Adam, E. K. April 2001. "Parental employment conditions, parent emotions and parenting, and behavioral, emotional and cognitive outcomes in young children." In A. Kalil (Chair), The long arm of the job: Influences of parental work conditions on family life. Symposium conducted at The Biennial Meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development, Minneapolis.

Adam, E. K. March 2000. "Work, family, and physiological stress in mothers: Implications for health." In The Effects of Work-Family Arrangements on Health and Well-Being, Roundtable Session at Work and family: Expanding the horizons Conference, San Francisco, CA.

Adam, E.K. (March 2000). Presider. Parents, children, and work – studies from the University of Chicago Alfred P. Sloan Center. Session conducted at Work and Family: Expanding the Horizons conference, San Francisco, CA.

Adam, E. K. and J. Rosman. March 2000. "Residential mobility, relationship instability and cognitive, emotional, and behavioral outcomes in low-income adolescent girls." Poster presented at the Eighth Biennial Meeting of the Society for Research on Adolescence, Chicago.

Adam, E.K. January 14, 1999. “Emotional and Physiological Stress in Working Mothers: The Effects of Relationship Style and Hours of work.” Affiliated with the Alfred P. Sloan Center on Parents, Children, and Work at the University of Chicago. Presented at the Sloan Center on Parents, Children, and Work workshop series at the University of Chicago.

Adam, E. K. August 1999. "The effects of relationship style, hours of paid work, and division of child-rearing labor on emotional and physiological stress in working mothers." Presented at the American Sociological Association Meetings.

Adam, E. K. May 1999. Moderated postdoctoral student presentations at the Alfred P. Sloan Center on Parents, Children, and Work Conference.

Adam, E. K. August 1999. The effects of relationship style, hours of paid work, and division of child-rearing labor on emotional and physiological stress in working mothers.

In E. L. Kelly (Presider), Families, Employment and Stress, Refereed Roundtable of the Section on the Sociology of the Family conducted at the 94th Annual Meeting of the American Sociological Association, Chicago, IL.

Adam, E. K. January 1999. "Emotional and physiological stress in working mothers: The effects of relationship style and hours of work." Presented at the Workshop on Working Families, Alfred P. Sloan Center on Parents, Children, and Work at the University of Chicago/NORC.

Adam, E. K., A. Tanaka, and J. Alwin. April 1999. "Emotional working models? The relations between adult attachment, parent emotion, and parenting behavior." Paper presented at the Biennial Meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development, Albuquerque.

Chen, Q., and Y. Luo. August 2000. "What matters more, jobs or children? A study of time use and experience of happiness among dual-earner couples." Presented at the American Sociological Association Meetings.

Chen, Q., and Y. Luo. March 2000. "Time on paid work and time with children: Experience of happiness among dual-earner couples." Presented at Work and Family: Expanding the Horizons, San Francisco.

Dempsey, N.P. November 30, 2000. “The Functions of Television and other media in family life.” Affiliated with the Department of Sociology and the Alfred P. Sloan Center on Parents, Children, and Work at the University of Chicago. Presented at the Sloan Center on Parents, Children, and Work workshop series at the University of Chicago.

Dempsey, N. P. August 2002 "Television use and communication within families of adolescents." Presented at the annual meeting of the American Sociological Association, Chicago, IL: Family Section Roundtables.

Dempsey, N. P. August 2000. "The functions of television and other media in family life." Presented at the American Sociological Association Meeting, Washington D.C.

Deschamps, A. August 2004. "Father Involvement in Unmarried Families: Research Using the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study." To Be Presented at the Population Roundtable Session, American Sociological Association. San Francisco, CA.

Deschamps, A. August 2003. "Law, Language, and Incomplete Institutionalization: How Does Parental Involvement Differ Within Two-Parent, Lesbian, Headed Families? American Sociological Association Annual Meeting. San Francisco, CA.

Deschamps, A. May 2002. "The relative equality of same-sex households: Preliminary findings of the 500 Family Study." Presented at the Gender Studies Workshop at the University of Chicago.

Jeong, J. (University of Chicago Affiliation). November 18, 2004. “ESM as a Time Use Instrument: Comparing ESM with FDD.” Sloan Center Workshop at the University of Chicago.

Kalil, Ariel and K. M. Ziol-Guest. 2004. "Parental Job Loss and Children's Academic Progress.” Center for Advanced Social Science Research, New York, New York.

Koh, C. Y. February 2002. "Family well-being and mother's work hours." Presented at Persons, Processes, and Places: Research on Families, Workplaces, and Communities Conference. Organized by the Business and Professional Women's Foundation in association with the Center for Families at Purdue University and the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation.

Koh, C. Y. August 2001. "Exchange of hearts: Emotional variations in married couples." Presented at a Sociology of Emotion Section Roundtable, American Sociological Association annual meeting, Anaheim.

Koh, C. Y. April 2001. "Happy together? A comparison of daily emotions between spouses." Presented at The Learning Emotions and Gender in Families Section of the 2001 Midwest Sociological Society (MSS) annual meeting.

Kurina, L.M. 2003. “Cortisol patterns and stress in working parents.” Presented at Society for Epidemiological Research Meeting, Atlanta, GA.

Kurina, L. M., B. Schneider, and L. J. Waite. May 2002. "Cortisol patterns and depressive symptoms in working families." Presented at How Families Work: Crosscurrents in Sloan-Funded Research on Working Families at Sloan Working Families Centers Network Conference, Atlanta, GA.

Kurina, L.M. 2002. “Coritsol patterns and stress in working parents.” Presented at Invited Research Seminar, School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL.

Lee, Y. S., and P. Moen. 2003. "Work-family time dynamics: Continuity and change in couples' time use." Paper presented at the 2003 annual meeting of the Population Association of America, Minneapolis.

Lee, Y. S. August 2002. "Housework and psychological depression for adolescents: The importance of working together with the parents." Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Sociological Association, Section on Sociology of Children and Youth Refereed Roundtables and Business Meeting - Peer and Family Contexts in Adolescence, Chicago.

Lee, Y. S. 2001. "Housework in the family economy: Fathers, mothers, and adolescents." Presented at the annual meeting of the American Sociological Association, Anaheim.

Lee, Y. S. 2001. "Housework and subjective well-being for adolescents." Presented at the annual meeting of the Population Association of America, Washington, DC.

Lee, Y. S. and L. J. Waite. May 2001. "Perspectives on the family economy: Survey and ESM measures of housework time of mom, dad and teen in working families." Presented at Dutiful Occasions: Working Families, Everyday Lives, University of Michigan.

Lee, Y. S., and L. J. Waite. 2000. "Housework as caring: Examining feelings of being appreciated for housework." Paper presented at the 2000 annual meeting of the Population Association of America, Los Angeles.

Lee, Y. S., and L. J. Waite. August 2000. "Money and children's responsibility for the housework." Presented at the American Sociological Association Meetings, Washington, DC.

Lewin, A.C. and K. Snyder. (August 2006). “Balancing Work and Home: The Relationship between Quality Time and Work-Family Conflict.” To be presented at the American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, Montreal.

Lewin, A.C., and Snyder, K. May 2006. “Parenting Demands, Work Demands, and Work-Family Conflict.” Presented in Poster Session at the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation International Conference on Why Workplace Flexibility Matters: A Global Perspective, Chicago, IL.

Maier, K. August 2002. "Transmission of educational values: Parents' occupation and adolescent development." Presented at the annual meeting of the American Sociological Association, Section on Sociology of Education Open Paper Session: Peers, Parents and Socialization, Chicago.

Marchena, E., and B. Schneider. April 2003. "The influence of fathers' work on adolescent well-being." To be presented at the annual meeting for Society for Research in Child Development, Tampa.

Marchena, E. May 2002. "Making the grade: Parental work-family role conflict through the eyes of teens." Paper presented at the Population Association of America meetings, Atlanta.

Marchena, E. April 2001. "Parental work-family balance and adolescent family life." Presented at the Learning Emotions and Gender in Families Section of the 2001 Midwest Sociological Society (MSS) annual meeting, St. Louis.

Marchena, E., and L. J. Waite. March 2001. "Re-assessing family goals and attitudes in late adolescence: The effects of natal family experiences and early family formation." Presented at the annual meetings of the Population Association of America, Washington, DC.

Marchena, E., and L. J. Waite. September 2000. "Re-assessing family goals and attitudes in late adolescence: The effects of natal family experiences and early family formation." Presented at the Contact Forum on Value Orientations and Life Cycle Decisions at the Royal Academy in Brussels, Belgium.

Marchena, E., and L. J. Waite. April 2000. "Marriage and childbearing attitudes in late adolescence: Exploring racial, ethnic, and gender differences." Poster presented at the biennial meetings of the Society for Research on Adolescence, Los Angeles.

Marchena, E., and L. J. Waite. April 2000. "Marriage and childbearing attitudes in late adolescence: Exploring: Racial, ethnic and gender differences." Presented at the annual meetings of the Population Association of America. Los Angeles.

Marchena, E. March 2000. "How parents structure young children's experiences in dual- career families." Presented at Work and Family: Expanding the horizons, San Francisco.

Marchena, E., and L. J. Waite. March 2000. "Marriage and childbearing attitudes in late adolescence: Exploring: Racial, ethnic and gender differences." Poster presented at the biennial meetings of the Society for Research on Adolescence, Chicago.

Marchena, E. Winter 1999. "Marriage and childbearing attitudes in late adolescence: Exploring: Racial, ethnic and gender differences." Demography workshop, University of Chicago, Chicago.

Martinez, S. August 2002. "Women's work lives as subjective and objective experiences." Presented at the annual meeting of the American Sociological Association, Student Forum, Refereed Student Roundtables: Women and Occupations I, Chicago.

Martinez, S., H. Rice, and C. Stuenkel. March 2002. "Atlas coding." Sloan Center for Working Families, Chicago.

Nielsen, M. R. August 2002. "Marital satisfaction of middle- and upper middle-class dual earner couples: What works and what does not work." Presented at the annual meeting of the American Sociological Association, Chicago.

Nielsen, M. R. May 2001. "Marital satisfaction doesn't add up." Paper presented at Dutiful Occasions: Working Families, Everyday Lives, University of Michigan.

Offer, S. August 2004. "A Contextual Approach to the Study of Social Support among Working Families." To Be Presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Sociological Association. San Francisco, CA.

Offer, Shira and Barbara Schneider. August 2004. "A Contextual Approach To The Study Of Social Support Among Working Families." ASA Roundtable Discussion, Chicago, IL.

Offer, S. May 2004. "Community Effects and Social Support in Dual-Earner Families." Presented at Sloan Work-Family Centers Annual Conference, MIT. Cambridge, MA.

Offer, S. May 2003. "The social support networks of working families." Paper to be presented at the annual Sloan conference, Los Angeles.

Pendry, P. & Adam, E.K. (2006). Hormones under siege? Associations between interparental discord, parenting quality, parent emotion and cortisol levels in adolescent and kindergarten-aged children. Submitted to International Journal of Behavioral Development.

Pendry, P. & Adam, E.K. (April 2005). “Associations between marital discord, parenting, and children’s stress physiology: The role of child age and parent gender.” In P. Pendry (Chair), Marital Discord and Child Development and Child Development: Developmental and Transactional Perspectives on the Role of Basic Regulatory Processes. Symposium conducted at the Biennial Meeting of the Society for Research and Child Development, Atlanta, GA.

Pendry, P. & Adam, E. (April 2003). Hormones under siege: Parent behavior, parent emotional and marital functioning and child cortisol. Poster presented at the Biennial Meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development, Tampa, FL.

Roney, J. R. March 2000. Methodological issues in the use of the ESM to examine working families. Roundtable presented at Work and Family: Expanding the Horizons, San Francisco, CA.

Roney, J., R. Wolfe, and C. B. Mulligan. March 2000. "Methodological issues in the use of the ESM to examine working families." Presented at Work and Family: Expanding the Horizons, San Francisco.

Schaafsma, M., and E. Rudd. February 2002. "Finding the organization in work-family research." Presented at the Persons, Processes, and Places: Research on Families, Workplaces, and Communities Conference organized by the Business and Professional Women's Foundation in association with the Center for Families at Purdue University and the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, San Francisco.

Schmidt, J. A. 2001. "Is religion good for kids? Religiosity, parent-child interaction, and adolescent outcomes in working families." Presented at the conference Dutiful Occasions: Working Families, Everyday Lives, the annual meetings of the Sloan Working Family Centers, Ann Arbor.

Schmidt, J. May 2001. "Is religion good for kids? Religiosity, parent-child interaction, and adolescent outcomes in working families." Presented at Dutiful Occasions: Working Families, Everyday Lives, University of Michigan.

Schmidt, J. A. March 2000. "Daily stressors in families." Presented at the Working Family Center Workshop Series, University of Chicago.

Schmidt, J. A. March 2000. "Daily stressors in families." Presented at Work and Family: Expanding the Horizons, San Francisco.

Schmidt, J. A., and S. Abuhamdeh. November 1999. "Introduction to data from the Sloan Working Family Study." Presented at the Sloan Working Family Center Paper Series, University of Chicago.

Schmidt, J.A. and S. Abuhamdeh. November 4, 1999. “Introduction to Sloan Survey Data.” Affiliated with the Alfred P. Sloan Center on Parents, Children, and Work at the University of Chicago. Presented at the Sloan Center on Parents, Children, and Work workshop series at the University of Chicago.

Schmidt, J. May 1999. "Adversity in middle class families: An overlooked phenomenon." Presented at the Alfred P. Sloan Center on Parents, Children, and Work Conference, Chicago.

Schmidt, J. May 1999. "Quality of life in working families." Moderator of session at the Alfred P. Sloan Center on Parents, Children, and Work Conference.

Schmidt, J., and L. Hoogstra. April 1999. "Family time: Quantity and quality of parent- adolescent interactions in two-parent working families." American Educational Research Association Meetings, Montreal.

Schneider, B., L. J. Waite, and H. Rice. May 2002. "Feeling good about your work: Emotional variations in different work-related tasks." Presented at How Families Work: Crosscurrents in Sloan-Funded Research on Working Families, Atlanta.

Schneider, B., L. J. Waite, H. Rice, and A. Ainbinder. March 2002. "Enjoying your work: Differences in emotion when working, preparing work, and socializing with co-workers." Time Pressure, Work-Family Interface, and Parent-Child Relationships: An International Time-Use Conference, Waterloo, Ontario.

Schneider, B. March 2002. "Today's working families: The importance of quality time." Inaugural Speaker Series, Berger Institute for Work, Family, and Children, Claremont McKenna College, Claremont, CA.

Schneider, B., and A. Ainbinder. May 2001. "Stress in working moms and dads." Presented at Dutiful Occasions: Working Families, Everyday Lives, University of Michigan.

Schneider, B. November 2001. "Driving, dating, and time alone: Child care needs for teens." Presented at Illinois Child Care: Making Connections, Springfield, IL.

Schneider, B. May 1999. "Life in working families." Presented at the Alfred P. Sloan Center on Parents, Children, and Work Conference.

Schneider, B. May 1999. "Working families today." Moderator of session at the Alfred P. Sloan Center on Parents, Children, and Work Conference.

Snell, E.K. & Adam, E.K. (April 2005). ”Schooling, parental involvement, and adolescent emotion.” Poster presented at the Biennial Meeting of the Society for Research on Child Development, Atlanta, GA.

Stuenkel, C. February 2002. "In-home child care: A pathway to hidden high-level commodification of household services." Presented at the Persons, Processes, and Places: Research on Families, Workplaces, and Communities Conference organized by the Business and Professional Women's Foundation in association with the Center for Families at Purdue University and the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation.

Stuenkel, C. November 2001. "Can commodification of household services help reduce everyday stress in working families?" Presented at the National Council on Family Relations, Rochester, NY.

Stuenkel, C. November 2001. "Commodification of household services as a coping strategy to reduce everyday stress in working families." Presented at National Council on Family Relations Annual meeting, Rochester, NY.

Stuenkel, C. August 2001. "Getting it all done: Commodification of household services as a strategy for working families." Presented at the annual meeting of the American Sociological Association, Anaheim.

Waite, L. J., and B. Schneider. February 2003. "Studying working families: The experience sampling method." Presented at the meetings of the Eastern Sociological Society, Philadelphia.

Waite, L. J., B. Schneider, and Y. Luo. May 2002. "Searching for the time bind: Emotions at home and work." Presented at How Families Work: Crosscurrents in Sloan- Funded Research on Working Families, Atlanta.

Waite, L., B. Schneider, J. Schmidt, and E. Marchena. March 9, 2000. “Panel on University of Chicago Sloan Study of Parents, Children, and Work.” Affiliated with the Alfred P. Sloan Center at the University of Chicago. Presented at the Sloan Center on Parents, Children, and Work workshop series at the University of Chicago.

Weinshenker, M.N. May 2006. “Fatherhood Timing and Men’s Employment, Hours, and Earnings.” Presented in Poster Session at the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation International Conference on Why Workplace Flexibility Matters: A Global Perspective, Chicago, IL.

Weinshenker, M. May 2004. "Maternal Employment Across the Life Course: Adolescent Expectations and Paternal Influence." Presented at Sloan Work-Family Centers Annual Conference, MIT. Cambridge, MA.

Weinshenker, M. August 2003. "Maternal employment across the life course: Adolescent expectations and parental influence." American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, Atlanta, GA.

Weinshenker, M. May 2002. "Dads who clean, parents who push, and adolescents' expectations about marital roles." Presented at Sloan Network Conference, MARIAL Center, Atlanta.

Weinshenker, M. August 2001. "Imagining family roles: parental influence on the expectations of adolescents in dual-career families." Roundtable presentation at the American Sociological Association Annual meeting. Anaheim, CA.

Weinshenker, M. April 2001. "Imagining family roles: Parental influence on the expectations of adolescents in dual-career families." Presented at Midwest Sociological Society (MSS) Annual meeting. St. Louis, MO.

Weinshenker, M. April 2001. "Imagining family roles: Parental influence on the expectations of adolescents in dual-career families." Poster presentation at American Educational Research Association (AERA) Annual meeting.

Zucker, P. March 2000. "Quality of experience among working families." Presented at Work and Family: Expanding the Horizons, San Francisco.