Writing A Thesis

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New Spain, New France & R k& Roanoke

Early Colonies in North America

I. What kind of an empire did the Spanish create in the  New World, and why did it extend into North America?

II. What was the French role in the beginnings of the North 

Key Topics

g g American fur trade?

III. Why did England enter the race for the colonies?

IV. In what ways were the Spanish, French, and English  colonies in North America similar?  In what ways were  they different?y

V. What growing pains did the Spanish, French and English  colonies experience around 1680?

The Colonization of the Americas I. By 1520, early Spanish exploration had turned to 

conquest in the Caribbean and was beginning in  Mesoamerica

The Invasion of America In the sixteenth century, the Spanish first invaded the Caribbean and used it to stage their

successive wars of conquest in North and South America. In the seventeenth century, the French, English, and Dutch invaded the Atlantic coast. The Russians, sailing across the northern Pacific,

mounted the last of the colonial invasions in the eighteenth century.

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The Colonization of the Americas I. By 1520, early Spanish exploration had turned to 

conquest in the Caribbean and was beginning in  Mesoamerica

II. As Spain was beginning to found its colonies in central  and south they also began to explore North America

The First Europeans in          North America

In 1539, Hernan DeSoto traveled throughout South,  di  di   h  d l d  d  k d spreading disease that depopulated and weakened 

Indian societies. Europeans were searching for slaves and the rumored cities  of wealth.

In 1539, Francisco de Coronado searched for lost  cities of gold in Southwest.g

Explorers failed to find great cities and turned back.  This failure would sour the Spanish on North  America (outside of Florida) for almost 50 years.

European Exploration, 1492-1591

By the mid-sixteenth century, Europeans had

explored most of the Atlantic coast of North

America and penetrated into the interior in the

disastrous expeditions of de Soto and Coronado.

The Colonization of the Americas I. By 1520, early Spanish exploration had turned to 

conquest in the Caribbean and was beginning in  Mesoamerica

II. As Spain was beginning to found its colonies in central  and south they also began to explore North America

III. Spain’s colonies would be the largest, wealthiest and  most sophisticated for centuries to come.

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The Spanish New World  Empire I

By late sixteenth century, the Spanish had a powerful American  empire   It was comprised of a number of colonies lead by New empire.  It was comprised of a number of colonies lead by New  Spain (based around the former Aztec empire)

250,000 Europeans and 125,000 Africans lived in Spanish  colonies.

The Population under their control was large (probably 4  million in New Spain alone) and was racially mixed.

B  th  S i h  b d   ‘f ti   f i l i ’ d   t Because the Spanish embraced a ‘frontier of inclusion’ does not  mean they were not racially biased.  They created very clear  distinctions on how much 

Council of the Indies governed out of Spain, but local military  governors appointed by the King generally had autonomy.

European Voyages of Discovery and the Colonial Claims of Spain and Portugal in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries. Notice Columbus never reaches the North American

Continent during any of his 4 voyages, but rather only the Caribbean.

The Colonization of the Americas I. By 1520, early Spanish exploration had turned to 

conquest in the Caribbean and was beginning in  Mesoamerica

II. As Spain was beginning to found its colonies in central  and south they also began to explore North America

III. Spain’s colonies would be the largest, wealthiest and  most sophisticated for centuries to come.

IV. But other European countries, especially France, were p , p y , beginning to explore North America by the middle of the  16th century.

Fish and Furs

Abundant fish in Grand Banks of North Atlantic led Abundant fish in Grand Banks of North Atlantic led  Europeans to explore North American coastal waters.

French were first to explore eastern North American  and established claims to lands of Canada.

European‐Indian relations based on trade, especially  furs.

Disease and wars over hunting grounds reduced  Indian populations.

Indians became dependent on European  manufactured goods.

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A Mikmaq Indian petroglyph or rock carving depicting a European vessel and crew, photographed in 1946 at Kejimkujik National Park, Nova Scotia, by Arthur and Olive Kelsall, who traced the lines of the image with white ink to enhance the contrast. The vessel appears to be a small pinnace with lanteen sails, similar to those used by French merchants and explorers in the early seventeenth century. Living along the southern shore of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence on the Acadian peninsula, the Mikmaqs were among the first natives in North America to establish contact with European traders, and understanding immediately the value of iron and textiles, they soon developed a

system of coastal barter.

The Colonization of the Americas I. By 1520, early Spanish exploration had turned to 

conquest in the Caribbean and was beginning in  Mesoamerica

II. As Spain was beginning to found its colonies in central  and south they also began to explore North America

III. Spain’s colonies would be the largest, wealthiest and  most sophisticated for centuries to come.

IV. But other European countries, especially France, were p , p y , beginning to explore North America by the middle of the  16th century. A. North America was seen as far enough away from Spain to 

possibly be safe from Spanish attacks

The Protestant Reformation  and the First French Colonies

Protestant John Calvin followers in France were  called Huguenots.g

Huguenots were largely merchants and members of  the middle class. Huguenots planted first French colonies in South  Carolina and Florida in an effort to find religious  refuge.

French enjoyed good relations with Indians.

Spanish destroyed French colony in Florida.

This made it clear to other European powers that in  the future if they wanted to found colonies in the  new world it would have to be farther north

This watercolor, painted in 1564, depicts the friendly relations between the Timucuas of coastal Florida and the colonists of the short-lived French colony of Fort Caroline. The

Timucuas hoped that the French would help defend them against the Spanish, who plundered the coast in pursuit of Indian slaves.

.

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The Colonization of the Americas I. By 1520, early Spanish exploration had turned to conquest in 

the Caribbean and was beginning in Mesoamerica

II. As Spain was beginning to found its colonies in central and  south they also began to explore North Americasouth they also began to explore North America

III. Spain’s colonies would be the largest, wealthiest and most  sophisticated for centuries to come.

IV. But other European countries, especially France, were  beginning to explore North America by the middle of the 16th century.

A N th A i        f   h   f  S i  t  A. North America was seen as far enough away from Spain to  possibly be safe from Spanish attacks

V. The English, who had also been exploring the coastline of  North America, began to try and found colonies in the late 16th century

The Invasion of America In the sixteenth century, the Spanish first invaded the Caribbean and used it to stage their

successive wars of conquest in North and South America. In the seventeenth century, the French, English, and Dutch invaded the Atlantic coast. The Russians, sailing across the northern Pacific,

mounted the last of the colonial invasions in the eighteenth century.

The Roanoke Colony

Colony off the North Carolina coast founded by Sir  Walter Raleigh in 1585

It was conceived by both Raleigh and the English It was conceived by both Raleigh and the English  government as a money making enterprise

Goal was to find wealth: furs, gold or silver, and  plantation agriculture and Indians were seen as laborers.

Very inappropriate people were sent, almost no farmers.   But there was a goldsmith, a perfumer, and a jeweler.

C fli   i h Al i   hi h  l i d  i h  h  Conflict with Algonquians, which culminated with the  local tribal leader, Wigina, being beheaded, led to  abandonment of colony by English less than a year later.

European Colonies of the Atlantic Coast, 1607–39

Virginia, on Chesapeake Bay, was the first English colony in

North America, but by the mid-seventeenth century,

Virginia was joined by settlements of Scandinavianssettlements of Scandinavians

on the Delaware River and Dutch on the Hudson River, as well as English religious dissenters in New England.

The territories indicated here reflect the vague boundaries

of the early colonies.

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The Colonization of the Americas I. By 1520, early Spanish exploration had turned to conquest in the 

Caribbean and was beginning in Mesoamerica

II. As Spain was beginning to found its colonies in central and south  they also began to explore North Americay g p

III. Spain’s colonies would be the largest, wealthiest and most  sophisticated for centuries to come.

IV. But other European countries, especially France, were beginning to  explore North America by the middle of the 16th century.

A. North America was seen as far enough away from Spain to possibly  be safe from Spanish attacks

V. The English, who had also been exploring the coastline of North  America, began to try and found colonies in the late 16th century

VI. By the end of the century Europeans had a good idea what the  Americas looked like for the first time

European Exploration of the  Americas

In the century after Columbus came to the  Americas, Europeans had explored:

most of the Atlantic coast of North America; much of the Pacific coast of North America; and the interior of southeastern and southwestern  N th A iNorth America.

European Exploration, 1492-1591

By the mid-sixteenth century, Europeans had

explored most of the Atlantic coast of North

America and penetrated into the interior in theinto the interior in the

disastrous expeditions of de Soto and Coronado.

North American Colonies I. Just before 1600 the Spanish once again became 

interested in founding colonies in North America I. This was spurred on by Franciscan monks bringing back 

word of wealthy Indian empires to the northword of wealthy Indian empires to the north

II. Although they never found wealth, the Franciscans got  the king of Spain to order the conquistadors to stay and  found New Mexico

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New Mexico

Spanish came to Rio Grande valley in 1598 on a Spanish came to Rio Grande valley in 1598 on a  quest to mine gold and souls.

Brutally put down Indian resistance

Colony of New Mexico centered around Santa Fe.

The Spanish depended on forced Indian labor for p p modest farming and sheep raising.

New Mexico in the Seventeenth Century By the end of the seventeenth century, New Mexico numbered 3,000 colonial settlers in several towns, surrounded by an estimated 50,000 Pueblo Indians living in some fifty

farming villages. The isolation and sense of danger among the Hispanic settlers are

evident in their name for the road linking theevident in their name for the road linking the colony with New Spain, Jornada del Muerto,

“Road of Death.”

Acoma Pueblo, the “sky city,” was founded in the thirteenth century and is one of the oldest continuously inhabited sites in the United States. In 1598, Juan de Ońate attacked

and laid waste to the pueblo, killing some 800 inhabitants and enslaving another 500. North American Colonies

I. Just before 1600 the Spanish once again became  interested in founding colonies in North America I. This was spurred on by Franciscan monks bringing back 

word of wealthy Indian empires to the northword of wealthy Indian empires to the north

II. Although they never found wealth, the Franciscans got  the king of Spain to order the conquistadors to stay and  found New Mexico

III. As the decades past the Pueblo Indians came to growing  resent Spanish rule and eventually revoltedresent Spanish rule and eventually revolted

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The Pueblo Revolt of 1680

In Santa Fe, the Pueblos clashed with Spanish p authorities over religious practices.

In 1680, Pope, a Pueblo priest, led a successful revolt that  temporarily ended Spanish rule.

In 1692, Spanish regained control, loosening religious  restrictions and labor demands on the Native Americans.

Pueblos observed Catholicism in churches and Pueblos observed Catholicism in churches and  missionaries tolerated traditional practices away from  the mission

Of all the Indian revolts in North America, this one had  the most positive long term impact

North American Colonies I. Just before 1600 the Spanish once again became 

interested in founding colonies in North America I. This was spurred on by Franciscan monks bringing back 

word of wealthy Indian empires to the northword of wealthy Indian empires to the north

II. Although they never found wealth, the Franciscans got  the king of Spain to order the conquistadors to stay and  found New Mexico

III. As the decades past the Pueblo Indians came to growing  resent Spanish rule and eventually revoltedresent Spanish rule and eventually revolted

IV. Just after 1600 the French establish their first lasting  presence in the Americas

New France In 1605, French set up an outpost on the Bay of Fundy to  monopolize fur trade.

Samuel de Champlain was leader and allied with Hurons against  h

p g the Iroquois.

To exploit fur trade, French lived throughout region. Only French Catholics were permitted

Quebec City was administrative center of vast French colonial  empire.

French had society of inclusion, intermarried with Indians.e c ad soc ety o c us o , te a ed t d a s. Formed alliances with Indians rather than conquering Missionaries attempted to learn more about Indian customs

This was done not out of greater tolerance but out of necessity.   Ask yourself how the area the French colonized differed from  the areas colonized by the Spanish?

New France in the Seventeenth Century

By the late seventeenth century, French settlements

were spread from the town of Port Royal in

Acadia to the post and p mission at Sault Ste. Marie on the Great

Lakes. But the heart of New France comprised

the communities stretching along the St.

Lawrence River between the towns of Quebec and Montreal.

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This illustration, taken from Samuel de Champlain’s 1613 account of the founding of New France, depicts him joining the Huron attack on the Iroquois in 1609. The French and their Huron allies

controlled access to the great fur grounds of the West. The Iroquois then formed an alliance of their own with the Dutch, who had founded a trading colony on the Hudson River. The palm trees in the

background of this drawing suggest that it was not executed by an eyewitness, but rather by an illustrator more familiar with South American scenes.

The Invasion of America In the sixteenth century, the Spanish first invaded the Caribbean and used it to stage their

successive wars of conquest in North and South America. In the seventeenth century, the French, English, and Dutch invaded the Atlantic coast. The Russians, sailing across the northern Pacific,

mounted the last of the colonial invasions in the eighteenth century.

North American Colonies I. Just before 1600 the Spanish once again became interested in 

founding colonies in North America I. This was spurred on by Franciscan monks bringing back word of 

wealthy Indian empires to the northy p

II. Although they never found wealth, the Franciscans got the  king of Spain to order the conquistadors to stay and found  New Mexico

III. As the decades past the Pueblo Indians came to growing  resent Spanish rule and eventually revolted

IV. Just after 1600 the French establish their first lasting presence  in the Americas

V. The Dutch also were interested in profiting from North  America and founded a colony on the island of Manhattan 

New Amsterdam

Upon achieving independence  the United Upon achieving independence, the United  Provinces of the Netherlands developed a global  commercial empire.

Dutch East India Company and the Dutch West India  Company

In present‐day New York, the Dutch established  settlements, Dutch opened trade with the  I i  Iroquois. 

Iroquois, through warfare, became the important  middlemen of the fur trade with the Dutch.