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Construction Methods and Management, 8th ed. S. W. Nunnally

Chapter 3

EXCAVATING AND LIFTING

Construction Methods and Management, 8th ed. S. W. Nunnally

INTRODUCTION

Excavating and Lifting Equipment
An excavator is defined as a power-driven digging machine.
The major types of excavators used in earthmoving operations include hydraulic excavators and the members of the cable-operated crane-shovel family (shovels, draglines, hoes, and clamshells).
Dozers, loaders, and scrapers can also serve as excavators.

Construction Methods and Management, 8th ed. S. W. Nunnally

INTRODUCTION

Excavators and Crane Shovels
Excavator Production

FIGURE 3-1. Hydraulic excavator. (Courtesy of Volvo Construction Equipment North America, Inc.)

Construction Methods and Management, 8th ed. S. W. Nunnally

INTRODUCTION

FIGURE 3-2. Crane-shovel mounting and revolving superstructure. (U.S. Department of the Army)

Construction Methods and Management, 8th ed. S. W. Nunnally

INTRODUCTION

Table 3-1. Bucket capacity rating methods

Construction Methods and Management, 8th ed. S. W. Nunnally

INTRODUCTION

Table 3-2. Bucket fill factors for excavators

Construction Methods and Management, 8th ed. S. W. Nunnally

HYDRAULIC EXCAVATORS

Operation and Employment
The original and most common form of hydraulically powered excavator is the hydraulic excavator equipped with a hoe front end.
This machine is also called a hydraulic hoe or hydraulic excavator-backhoe.
A backhoe (or simply hoe) is an excavator designed primarily for excavation below grade.

Construction Methods and Management, 8th ed. S. W. Nunnally

HYDRAULIC EXCAVATORS

FIGURE 3-3. Components of a hydraulic excavator backhoe.

Construction Methods and Management, 8th ed. S. W. Nunnally

HYDRAULIC EXCAVATORS

FIGURE 3-4. Telescoping-boom hydraulic excavator. (Courtesy of JLG Industries, Inc.)

Construction Methods and Management, 8th ed. S. W. Nunnally

HYDRAULIC EXCAVATORS

FIGURE 3-5. Mini-excavator. (Courtesy of JCB Inc.)

Construction Methods and Management, 8th ed. S. W. Nunnally

HYDRAULIC EXCAVATORS

Production Estimating
Job Management

Table 3-3. Standard cycles per hour for hydraulic excavators

Construction Methods and Management, 8th ed. S. W. Nunnally

HYDRAULIC EXCAVATORS

Table 3-4. Swing-depth factor for backhoes

Construction Methods and Management, 8th ed. S. W. Nunnally

HYDRAULIC EXCAVATORS

Table 3-5. Adjustment factor for trench production

Construction Methods and Management, 8th ed. S. W. Nunnally

SHOVELS

Operation and Employment
Production Estimating
Job Management

FIGURE 3-6. Hydraulic shovel. (Courtesy of Kobelco Construction Machinery America LLC)

Construction Methods and Management, 8th ed. S. W. Nunnally

SHOVELS

FIGURE 3-7. Components of a hydraulic shovel.

Construction Methods and Management, 8th ed. S. W. Nunnally

SHOVELS

FIGURE 3-8. Digging action of a hydraulic shovel.

FIGURE 3-9. Shovel approach methods.

Construction Methods and Management, 8th ed. S. W. Nunnally

SHOVELS

Table 3-6. Standard cycles per hour for hydraulic shovels

Construction Methods and Management, 8th ed. S. W. Nunnally

DRAGLINES

Operation and Employment
Production Estimating
Job Management

Construction Methods and Management, 8th ed. S. W. Nunnally

DRAGLINES

FIGURE 3-10. Components of a dragline.

FIGURE 3-11. Dragline bucket.

Construction Methods and Management, 8th ed. S. W. Nunnally

DRAGLINES

Table 3-7. Ideal dragline output—short boom [BCY/h (BCM/h)]*. (This is a modification of data published in Technical Bulletin No. 4, Power Crane and Shovel Association, Bureau of CIMA, 1968.)

Construction Methods and Management, 8th ed. S. W. Nunnally

DRAGLINES

Table 3-8. Optimum depth of cut for short boom. (This is a modification of data published in Technical Bulletin No. 4, Power Crane and Shovel Association, Bureau of CIMA, 1968.)

Construction Methods and Management, 8th ed. S. W. Nunnally

DRAGLINES

Table 3-9. Swing-depth factor for draglines. (This is a modification of data published in Technical Bulletin No. 4, Power Crane and Shovel Association, Bureau of CIMA, 1968.)

Construction Methods and Management, 8th ed. S. W. Nunnally

CLAMSHELLS

Production Estimating
Job Management

FIGURE 3-12. Most efficient digging area for a dragline.

Construction Methods and Management, 8th ed. S. W. Nunnally

CLAMSHELLS

FIGURE 3-13. Components of a clamshell.

Construction Methods and Management, 8th ed. S. W. Nunnally

TRENCHING AND TRENCHLESS TECHNOLOGY

Trenching Machines and Plows
Trenchless Technology
Vacuum Excavation Systems
Repair and Rehabilitation of Pipelines

Construction Methods and Management, 8th ed. S. W. Nunnally

TRENCHING AND TRENCHLESS TECHNOLOGY

FIGURE 3-14. Clamshell bucket.

FIGURE 3-15. Orange peel bucket. (Courtesy of ESCO Corporation)

Construction Methods and Management, 8th ed. S. W. Nunnally

TRENCHING AND TRENCHLESS TECHNOLOGY

Construction Methods and Management, 8th ed. S. W. Nunnally

TRENCHING AND TRENCHLESS TECHNOLOGY

FIGURE 3-18. Installing a utility line by pipe jacking.

Construction Methods and Management, 8th ed. S. W. Nunnally

TRENCHING AND TRENCHLESS TECHNOLOGY

FIGURE 3-19. Thrust boring machine with percussive action. (Courtesy of TT Technologies, Inc.)

Construction Methods and Management, 8th ed. S. W. Nunnally

TRENCHING AND TRENCHLESS TECHNOLOGY

FIGURE 3-20. Installing a utility line by horizontal earth boring.

Construction Methods and Management, 8th ed. S. W. Nunnally

TRENCHING AND TRENCHLESS TECHNOLOGY

FIGURE 3-22. Schematic of pneumatic pipe bursting method. (Courtesy of Earth Tool Company LLC)

Construction Methods and Management, 8th ed. S. W. Nunnally

CRANES

Heavy Lift Cranes
Tower Cranes
Job Management

FIGURE 3-23. Components of a crane.

Construction Methods and Management, 8th ed. S. W. Nunnally

CRANES

FIGURE 3-24. Large mobile hydraulic crane with telescoping boom. (Courtesy of Manitowoc)

Construction Methods and Management, 8th ed. S. W. Nunnally

CRANES

FIGURE 3-25. Crane load capacity chart. (Courtesy of Manitowoc)

Construction Methods and Management, 8th ed. S. W. Nunnally

CRANES

FIGURE 3-26. Large crawlermounted lattice-boom mobile crane. (Courtesy of Manitowoc)

Construction Methods and Management, 8th ed. S. W. Nunnally

CRANES

FIGURE 3-27. Crane with ring attachment. (Courtesy of Manitowoc)

Construction Methods and Management, 8th ed. S. W. Nunnally

CRANES

FIGURE 3-28. Tower crane on a building site. (Courtesy of Manitowoc)

Construction Methods and Management, 8th ed. S. W. Nunnally

CRANES

FIGURE 3-29. Major types of tower cranes.

Construction Methods and Management, 8th ed. S. W. Nunnally

CRANES

FIGURE 3-30. Terminology of a horizontal jib tower crane. (Courtesy of Manitowoc)

Construction Methods and Management, 8th ed. S. W. Nunnally

CRANES

Table 3-10. Maximum capacity vs. lift radius for a tower crane [pounds (kilograms)]

Construction Methods and Management, 8th ed. S. W. Nunnally

CRANES

FIGURE 3-32. Crane boom attachments. (Reproduced with permission from the Association of Equipment Manufacturers.)