Construction Methods & Materials

moore05

0137033451_pp2.ppt

Home >Engineering homework help >Civil Engineering homework help >Construction Methods & Materials

Construction Methods and Management, 8th ed. S. W. Nunnally

Chapter 2

EARTHMOVING MATERIALS AND OPERATIONS

Construction Methods and Management, 8th ed. S. W. Nunnally

INTRODUCTION TO EARTHMOVING

The Earthmoving Process
Earthmoving is the process of moving soil or rock from one location to another and processing it so that it meets construction requirements of location, elevation, density, moisture content, and so on.

Construction Methods and Management, 8th ed. S. W. Nunnally

INTRODUCTION TO EARTHMOVING

Equipment Selection
The choice of equipment to be used on a construction project has a major influence on the efficiency and profitability of the construction operation.

Construction Methods and Management, 8th ed. S. W. Nunnally

INTRODUCTION TO EARTHMOVING

Production of Earthmoving Equipment
The basic relationship for estimating the production of all earthmoving equipment is as follows:
Production = Volume per cycle * Cycles per hour

Construction Methods and Management, 8th ed. S. W. Nunnally

INTRODUCTION TO EARTHMOVING

Construction Methods and Management, 8th ed. S. W. Nunnally

EARTHMOVING MATERIALS

Soil and Rock
General Soil Characteristics

Construction Methods and Management, 8th ed. S. W. Nunnally

SOIL IDENTIFICATION AND CLASSIFICATION

Soil is considered to consist of five fundamental material types: gravel, sand, silt, clay, and organic material.

Construction Methods and Management, 8th ed. S. W. Nunnally

SOIL IDENTIFICATION AND CLASSIFICATION

Soil Classification Systems
Two principal soil classification systems are used for design and construction in the United States.
These are the Unified System and the AASHTO [American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, formerly known as the American Association of State Highway Officials (AASHO)] System.
In both systems, soil particles 3 in. or larger in diameter are removed before performing classification tests.

Construction Methods and Management, 8th ed. S. W. Nunnally

SOIL IDENTIFICATION AND CLASSIFICATION

Construction Methods and Management, 8th ed. S. W. Nunnally

SOIL IDENTIFICATION AND CLASSIFICATION

Construction Methods and Management, 8th ed. S. W. Nunnally

SOIL IDENTIFICATION AND CLASSIFICATION

Construction Methods and Management, 8th ed. S. W. Nunnally

SOIL IDENTIFICATION AND CLASSIFICATION

Field Identification of Soil (Unified System)
Dry Strength Test
Shaking Test
Construction Characteristics of Soils

Construction Methods and Management, 8th ed. S. W. Nunnally

SOIL IDENTIFICATION AND CLASSIFICATION

Construction Methods and Management, 8th ed. S. W. Nunnally

SOIL VOLUME-CHANGE CHARACTERISTICS

Soil Conditions
Bank: Material in its natural state before disturbance. Often referred to as “in-place” or “in situ.”A unit volume is identified as a bank cubic yard (BCY) or a bank cubic meter (BCM).
Loose: Material that has been excavated or loaded. A unit volume is identified as a loose cubic yard (LCY) or loose cubic meter (LCM).
Compacted: Material after compaction. A unit volume is identified as a compacted cubic yard (CCY) or compacted cubic meter (CCM).

Construction Methods and Management, 8th ed. S. W. Nunnally

SOIL VOLUME-CHANGE CHARACTERISTICS

Swell
Shrinkage
Load and Shrinkage Factors

Construction Methods and Management, 8th ed. S. W. Nunnally

SOIL VOLUME-CHANGE CHARACTERISTICS

Construction Methods and Management, 8th ed. S. W. Nunnally

SPOIL BANKS

When planning and estimating earthwork, it is frequently necessary to determine the size of the pile of material that will be created by the material removed from the excavation.
If the pile of material is long in relation to its width, it is referred to as a spoil bank.

Construction Methods and Management, 8th ed. S. W. Nunnally

SPOIL BANKS

Construction Methods and Management, 8th ed. S. W. Nunnally

SPOIL BANKS

Triangular Spoil Bank
Conical Spoil Pile

Construction Methods and Management, 8th ed. S. W. Nunnally

ESTIMATING EARTHWORK VOLUME

When planning or estimating an earthmoving project, it is often necessary to estimate the volume of material to be excavated or placed as fill.
The procedures to be followed can be divided into three principal categories:
(1) pit excavations (small, relatively deep excavations such as those required for basements and foundations)
(2) trench excavation for utility lines
(3) excavating or grading relatively large areas
Procedures suggested for each of these three cases are described in the following sections.

Construction Methods and Management, 8th ed. S. W. Nunnally

ESTIMATING EARTHWORK VOLUME

Pit Excavations
Trench Excavations
Large Areas

Construction Methods and Management, 8th ed. S. W. Nunnally

ESTIMATING EARTHWORK VOLUME

Construction Methods and Management, 8th ed. S. W. Nunnally

CONSTRUCTION USE OF THE MASS DIAGRAM

Construction Methods and Management, 8th ed. S. W. Nunnally

CONSTRUCTION USE OF THE MASS DIAGRAM

Characteristics of a Mass Diagram
Using the Mass Diagram

Construction Methods and Management, 8th ed. S. W. Nunnally

CONSTRUCTION USE OF THE MASS DIAGRAM