Discussion Question #5

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Literacy in the Early Grades: A Successful Start for PreK-4 Readers and Writers

Fifth Edition

Chapter 9

Facilitating Students’ Comprehension: Text Factors

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Chapter 9 Learning Outcomes

9.1 Discuss the text factors of stories

9.2 Discuss the text factors of informational books

9.3 Discuss the text factors of poems

9.4 Explain how to teach students about text factors

Text Factors

In addition to reader factors, comprehension involves text factors

Genres

Stories, informational texts, and poetry

Text Structures

Patterns used to organize texts and emphasize big ideas

Text Features

Narrative devices, headings and indexes, repetition and rhyme

Text Factors of Stories

Stories are narratives about characters trying to overcome problems or deal with conflict

Stories help readers find meaning in their lives

Stories are either picture books or chapter books

Stories can be categorized into three genres

Folklore

fables, folktales, myths, legends

Fantasies

modern literary tales, fantastic stories, science fiction, high fantasy

Realistic Fiction

contemporary stories or historical stories

Elements of Story Structure

Stories have unique structural elements that distinguish them from other genres.

Plot - the sequence of events involving characters in conflict situations

Characters - the people or personified animals in the story

Setting - the location, weather, time period, or time the story takes place

Point of View - the perspective from which the story is written

Theme - the underlying meaning of the story

Narrative Devices

Devices which make the writing more vivid and memorable are considered narrative devices.

Dialogue - written conversations

Flashbacks -interruption

Foreshadowing - hints about events to come

Imagery - descriptive words and phrases

Suspense - excited uncertainty

Symbol - person, place, or thing used to represent something else (e.g., lion implies courage)

Text Factors of Informational Books

Students learn about the world around them through reading nonfiction or expository texts

Nonfiction can be categorized into three genres:

Informational Books

Alphabet Books

Biographies

Expository text structures help students comprehend what they are reading in informational books

Description, Sequence, Comparison, Cause and Effect, Problem and Solution

Nonfiction Features

Informational books have unique text features that make them easier to read and to facilitate readers’ comprehension.

Headings and subheadings

Photographs and drawing

Figures, maps, and tables

Margin notes

Highlighted vocabulary words

Glossary

Index

Text Factors of Poetry

Poetic Forms

Rhymed Verse

Narrative Poems

Haiku

Free Verse

Concrete Poems

Poetic Devices

Alliteration

Imagery

Metaphor

Onomatopoeia

Repetition

Rhyme

Rhythm

Simile

Teaching about Text Factors

When teachers teach about text factors, comprehension increases

When students are familiar with text factors they are better able to create those factors in their own writing

Students need to learn about a variety of genres

Minilessons are used to teach about text factors directly

Comprehension strategies are applied when noticing text factors

Reading and Writing Activities

Instructional activities provide opportunities for students to examine text factors and offer guided practice where students apply what they’ve learned about comprehension strategies. Teachers differentiate instruction through activities for reading and writing stories, nonfiction, and poetry.

Stories

Story boards, hot seat, drawings and diagrams, story retelling, open-mind portraits

Nonfiction

Semantic feature analysis, story boards, writing informational books

Poetry

Interactive read-alouds, choral reading, poetry picture books, writing poems

Assessing Students’ Knowledge of Text Factors

Students apply what they know about text factors when they read and write

Teachers observe students while reading and writing

Teachers use the instruction-assessment cycle to evaluate students’ developing knowledge about text factors

Embedding assessment into instruction makes it easier for teachers to notice students who are struggling

Teachers modify instruction to improve students’ comprehension

If Students Struggle…

Increase read-aloud experiences

Provide opportunities for independent reading

Invite students to participate in grand conversations

Encourage students to use academic vocabulary when discussing text factors

Ask students to compare books they are reading with those they’ve read previously

Have students create charts about text factors to display in the classroom

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Discussion Question #5

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