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Human Communication The Basic Course 14th edition

Chapter 1 Fundamentals of Human Communication

Learning Objectives

1.1 Define human communication, and identify the major forms, benefits, and myths.

1.2 Define the major elements of human communication: context, source-receiver, messages, channels, noise, effects, and ethics.

1.3 Paraphrase the principles of human communication.

1.4 Explain the characteristics of the competent communicator.

The Nature of Human Communication 1 of 6

L.O. 1.1 Define human communication, and identify the major forms, benefits, and myths.

Human communication―communication between and among people

A crucial part in how effectively you live your professional and personal life

The Nature of Human Communication 2 of 6

The Forms of Human Communication

Intrapersonal communication: communication with oneself

Interpersonal communication: communication between two or a few persons

Interviewing: communication that proceeds through questions and answers

Small group: communication within a small group of about five to ten people

Table 1.1 Forms of Communication 1 of 4

Forms of Communication	Some Theory-Related Concerns	Some Skill-Related Concerns
Intrapersonal: communication with oneself	How do self-concept and self-esteem develop? How do they effect communication? How can problem-solving abilities be improved? What is the relationship between personality and communication?	Enhancing self-esteem, increasing self-awareness, improving problem solving and analyzing abilities, increasing self-control, managing communication apprehension, reducing stress, managing intrapersonal conflict
Interpersonal: communication between two or a few persons	What is interpersonal effectiveness? Why do people develop relationships? What holds relationships together? What tears them apart? How can relationships be repaired?	Increasing effectiveness in one-to-one communication, developing and maintaining productive relationships, improving conflict management abilities

Table 1.1 Forms of Communication 2 of 4

Forms of Communication	Some Theory-Related Concerns	Some Skill-Related Concerns
Interviewing: communication that proceeds through questions and answers	What are the legal issues in interviewing? How can interviewing responses be analyzed? What is the role of nonverbal communication?	Phrasing questions to get the information you want, presenting your best self, writing résumés and cover letters
Small group: communication within a small group of people (say, 5 to 10)	What roles do people play in groups? What do groups do well, and what do they fail to do well? What makes a leader? What types of leadership works best?	Increasing effectiveness as a group member, improving leadership abilities, using groups to achieve specific purposes (brainstorming, problem solving)

Table 1.1 Forms of Communication 3 of 4

Forms of Communication	Some Theory-Related Concerns	Some Skill-Related Concerns
Organizational: communication within an organization	How and why do organizations grow and deteriorate? What role does culture play in the organization? What leadership styles prove most productive?	Transmitting information; motivating workers; dealing with feedback, the grapevine, and gossip; increasing worker satisfaction, productivity, and retention
Public: communication of speaker with audience	How can audiences be analyzed and adapted to? How can ideas be developed and supported for presentation to an audience? What kinds of organizational structures work best in informative and persuasive speeches?	Communicating information more effectively; increasing persuasive abilities; developing, organizing, styling, and delivering messages effectively; becoming a more critical listener

Table 1.1 Forms of Communication 4 of 4

Forms of Communication	Some Theory-Related Concerns	Some Skill-Related Concerns
Computer-mediated: communication between people via computers	Are there gender and age differences? In what ways is CMC more efficient? How can the various channels be incorporated into CMC?	Increasing security in e-communications, combining CMC with face-to-face communication; networking for social and professional purposes; beginning and maintaining relationships through social media
Mass: communication addressed to an extremely large audience, mediated by audio and/or visual means	What functions do media serve? How do media influence us? How can we influence the media? In what ways do the media filter the information we receive?	Improving abilities to use the media to greater effectiveness, increasing ability to control the media, avoiding being taken in by the media, becoming a more media-literate consumer and creator

The Nature of Human Communication 3 of 6

The Forms of Human Communication continued

Organizational: communication within an organization among its members

Public: communication between speaker and audience

Mass: communication from one source to many receivers, mediated by audio and/or visual means

The Nature of Human Communication 4 of 6

The Forms of Human Communication continued

Computer-mediated: communication between people via computer or electronic connection

It’s the way we communicate.

Combination of online and offline interaction

Employers expect employees to communicate effectively online and offline.

Offline and online communication are vital to relationships.

Face-to-face and online communication are important for achieving goals.

Introducing Human Communication Viewpoints

Paired with each photo is an invitation to express a viewpoint or several viewpoints on some communication issue. These viewpoints are designed to encourage you to work actively with the communication concepts and skills covered throughout the text. To start off, how would you describe your communications on a typical day, and what does this say about your interests and goals?

Syda Productions/Shutterstock

Table 1.2 Face-to-Face and Computer-Mediated Communication 1 of 4

Human Communication Element	Face-to-Face Communication	Computer-Mediated Communication
Sender Presentation of self and impression management Speaking turn	Personal characteristics (sex, approximate age, race, etc.) are open to visual inspection; receiver controls the order of what is attended to; disguise is difficult. You compete for the speaker’s turn and time with the other person(s); you can be interrupted.	Personal characteristics are hidden and are revealed when you want to reveal them; anonymity is easy. It’s always your turn; speaker time is unlimited; you can’t be interrupted.

Table 1.2 Face-to-Face and Computer-Mediated Communication 2 of 4

Human Communication Element	Face-to-Face Communication	Computer-Mediated Communication
Receiver Number Opportunity for interaction Third parties Impression formation	One or a few who are in your visual field Limited to those who have the opportunity to meet; often difficult to find people who share your interests. Messages can be overheard by or repeated to third parties but not with complete accuracy. Impressions are based on the verbal and nonverbal cues the receiver perceives.	Virtually unlimited. Unlimited. Messages can be retrieved by others or forwarded verbatim to a third party or to thousands. Impressions are based on text messages and posted photos and videos.

Table 1.2 Face-to-Face and Computer-Mediated Communication 3 of 4

Human Communication Element	Face-to-Face Communications	Computer-Mediated Communication
Context Physical Temporal	Essentially the same physical space Communication is synchronous; messages are exchanged at the same (real) time.	Can be in the next cubicle or separated by miles. Communication may be synchronous (as in chat rooms) or asynchronous (where messages are exchanged at different times, as in email).
Channel	A senses participating in sending and receiving messages.	Visual (for text, photos, and videos) and auditory.

Table 1.2 Face-to-Face and Computer-Mediated Communication 4 of 4

Human Communication Element	Face-to-Face Communications	Computer-Mediated Communication
Message Verbal and nonverbal	Words, gestures, eye contact, accent, vocal cues, spatial relationships, touching, clothing, hair, etc.	Words, photos, videos and audio messages
Permanence	Temporary unless recorded; speech signals fade rapidly.	Messages are relatively permanent.

The Nature of Human Communication 5 of 6

The Benefits of Studying Human Communication

Critical and creative thinking skills

Interaction skills

Relationship skills

Group membership and leadership skills

Presentation skills

Media literacy skills

FIGURE 1.1: The Benefits of Studying Human Communication

The Nature of Human Communication 6 of 6

The Myths of Human Communication

Which of these are true?

Good communicators are born, not made.

The more a couple communicates, the better their relationship will be.

When two people are in a close relationship for a long period of time, one person should not have to communicate his or her needs; the other person should know what these are.

Complete openness should be the goal of any meaningful interpersonal relationship.

Interpersonal or group conflict is a reliable sign that the relationship or group is in trouble.

Like good communicators, leaders are born, not made.

Fear of speaking in public is detrimental and must be eliminated.

All seven statements are generally false.

Elements of Human Communication 1 of 6

L.O. 1.2 Define the major elements of human communication: contexts, source-receiver, messages, channels, noise, effects, and ethics.

Communication occurs when one person (or more) sends and receives messages.

Communication acts may be

Face-to-face

By telephone

Over the Internet

FIGURE 1.2: The Elements of Human Communication

This is a simplified view of the elements of human communication and their relationship to one another. Messages (including feedforward and feedback) are sent simultaneously through a variety of channels from one source–receiver to another. The communication process takes place in a context (physical, cultural, social-psychological, and temporal) and is subjected to interference by noise (physical, psychological, and semantic). The interaction of messages with each source–receiver leads to some effect.

Elements of Human Communication 2 of 6

Communication Contexts

All communication takes place in a context that has at least four dimensions:

The physical context

The social-psychological context

The temporal (or time) context

The cultural context

Elements of Human Communication 3 of 6

Source-receiver

Each person involved in communication is both a source and a receiver.

The act of producing messages is called encoding.

The act of receiving messages is called decoding.

Elements of Human Communication 4 of 6

Messages

Messages are any signals transmitted from source to receiver.

Metamessages are messages that refer to other messages.

Feedback messages are a reaction to what is said.

Feedforward messages are sent in advance of the primary message.

The Importance of Communication

How important, compared with all the other factors you might take into consideration in choosing a partner, is the ability to communicate? What specific communication skills would you consider “extremely important” in a life partner?

Scott Griessel/Fotolia

Elements of Human Communication 5 of 6

Channels

A channel is the medium through which a message passes.

Communication rarely takes place in one channel.

Noise

Noise is anything that interferes with the reception of a message.

Physical noise

Physiological noise

Psychological noise

Semantic noise

Elements of Human Communication 6 of 6

Effects

For every communication act, there is some consequence.

Cognitive effects are changes in your thinking.

Affective effects are changes in your attitudes, values, beliefs, and emotions.

Behavioral effects are changes in your behaviors.

Principles of Human Communication 1 of 6

L.O. 1.3 Paraphrase the principles of human communication.

Communication Is Purposeful

To learn

To relate

To help

To influence

To play

Blogs

Blogs and social networking websites are among the chief means by which people express themselves interpersonally but also to a broader audience. How would you compare the typical blog post or the typical social networking post in terms of the five purposes of communication identified here?

Ed Bock/Getty Images

Principles of Human Communication 2 of 6

Communication Is Transactional

Communication is an ever-changing process.

Each element relates integrally to every other element.

Communication is influenced by a multitude of factors.

Each person in an interaction is both sender and receiver.

FIGURE 1.3: Two Views of Communication

The top diagram represents a linear view of communication, in which the speaker speaks and the listener listens. The bottom diagram represents a transactional view, the view that most communication theorists hold. In the transactional view, each person serves simultaneously as speaker and listener. At the same time that you send messages, you’re also receiving messages from your own communications and also from the messages of the other person(s).

Principles of Human Communication 3 of 6

Communication Is a Package of Signals

All parts of a message system normally work together to communicate a meaning.

Communication Is a Process of Adjustment

No two persons use identical signal systems, so adjustment is relevant to all forms of communication.

Intercultural communication

Communication accommodation theory

Principles of Human Communication 4 of 6

Communication Involves Content and Relationship Dimensions

Messages refer to both the real world and to relationships between the parties.

Content message

Relationship message

Ignoring relationship dimensions

Recognizing relationship dimensions

Principles of Human Communication 5 of 6

Communication Is Ambiguous

Ambiguity occurs because we use words that can be interpreted differently.

Communication Is Punctuated

There is no clear-cut beginning or end to communication.

We segment the continuous stream of communication into smaller pieces.

Technostress

The anxiety and stress resulting from a feeling of being controlled by the overwhelming amount of information and from the inability to manage the information in the time available even as a name: technostress. Have you ever experienced or witnessed technostress? What effects did it have?

Stokkete/Shutterstock

FIGURE 1.4: Punctuation and the Sequence of Events

(A) Shows the actual sequence of events as a continuous series of actions with no specific beginning or end. Each action (phoning and flirting) stimulates another action, but no initial cause is identified. (B) Shows the same sequence of events as seen by the wife. She sees the sequence as beginning with the husband’s flirting and her phoning behavior as a response to that stimulus.

(C) Shows the same sequence of events from the husband’s point of view. He sees the sequence as beginning with the wife’s phoning and his flirting as a response to that stimulus.

Try using this three-part figure and the text explanation to explain what might go on when a supervisor complains that workers are poorly trained for their jobs and when the workers complain that the supervisor doesn’t know how to supervise.

Principles of Human Communication 6 of 6

Communication Is Inevitable, Irreversible, and Unrepeatable

Inevitability: In any interactional situation, communication will occur.

Irreversibility: Be careful not to say things you will regret later.

Unrepeatability: You cannot recapture the exact same situation that defined a previous communication act.

The Competent Communicator 1 of 5

L.O. 1.4 Explain the characteristics of a competent communicator.

Communication Competence

Your knowledge and understanding of how communication works

Your ability to communicate effectively

The Competent Communicator 2 of 5

The Competent Communicator Makes Reasoned Choices

Each communication situation can be approached in different ways.

The competent choice maker has a large arsenal of choices.

The competent choice maker can evaluate the choices based on knowledge of human communication and make predictions as to what will work.

The competent choice-maker has the skills to execute those choices.

The Competent Communicator 3 of 5

The Competent Communicator Thinks Critically and Mindfully

Critical thinking is logical thinking: well-reasoned, unbiased, and clear.

Mindfulness is a state of awareness in which you’re conscious of your reasons for thinking or behaving.

Create and re-create categories.

Be open to new information and points of view.

Do not rely too heavily on first impressions.

Think before you act.

The Competent Communicator 4 of 5

The Competent Communicator Is an Effective Code-Switcher

Code switching

It identifies you as one of the group.

It helps make your meaning clearer.

The Competent Communicator Is Culturally Sensitive

The Competent Communicator Is Ethical

The Competent Communicator 5 of 5

The Competent Communicator Is an Effective Listener

The Competent Communicator Is Media Literate

Enables you to understand, analyze, and evaluate messages from the various media

Aims to empower you to interact with the media

Aims to educate you to use the available resources to create your own media messages

On-Screen Competence

What characters in television sitcoms or dramas do you think demonstrate superior communication competence? What characters demonstrate obvious communication incompetence?

Jeff Neumann/CBS via Getty Images