#35452 - STUDY OF SAFETY CULTURE IMPLEMENTATION

Bachelor of Science (Honours) Safety, Health and Environmental Management

Module: Understanding the Research Process (UTRP)

Proposed Research Topic:

“STUDY OF SAFETY CULTURE IMPLEMENTATION: CASE STUDY OF SAFETY CONSULTANCY PROSAFE PTE. LTD.”

Submitted By :

Fin No : G7228033X

Student ID : 77189773

Batch : BSHE21702A

(UNDERSTANDING THE RESEARCH PROCESS_UTRP)

Lecture(s) :

Abstract

The aim behind this research is to understand the safety culture in the construction and field. The purpose is to understand the extent of successful infusion of culture versus outcome. We need to understand how the research can assist with future implementation and intervention with regards to this industry.

Acknowledgements

This research will be having participation from the management and organization staffs. A big thank you to our safety worker Mr. Aksarul, safety supervisor Mr. Sheak and Safety Training Manager Mr. Faizul, who was involved in the process of research for their invaluable input, which was necessary for the successful completion of this project. Especially thank for Mr. Rosman Abdul Halek for assistance with the lectures on Understanding the Research Process (UTRP) and for the comments that greatly improved the research.

Table of content

Abstract

Acknowledgements

Chapter 1: Introduction

a. Background

b. Current problem

c. Research question

d. Research objective(s)

e. Research hypotheses

f. Definition of terms

g. Past related research articles (at least 20)

g.1 table of past research articles / journals

(use table with columns of title of article, publication number & publication date, description of

article, difference between your research and article) (20 articles)

h. Rationale of research and research ethics

Chapter 2: Literature Review

a. Concept of Safety Culture

b. Statistics of Injuries on Safety Culture

c. Effects of Working With Poor Safety Culture

d. Types of Safety Cultural Injuries

e. Types of measurements on Safety Culture

Chapter 3: Research Methodology

a. Types of Research Method

b. Respondents Analysis

c. Technique of Data Collection

d. Technique of Data Analysis

Chapter 4: Project Costing & Timeline

a. Project Costing

b. Project Schedule

Chapter 5: Study Two

Chapter 6: Study Three

Chapter 7: Conclusion & Recommendation

a. Conclusion

b. Recommendation

Bibliography

Appendixes

Chapter 1: Introduction

Here in this chapter, we will discuss the introductory phase and look at the background to occupational safety and health. This will include the application of the processes to the direct reduction in incidents and accidents. Thereafter, we will tackle the research aims and objectives.

a. Background

Hundreds and perhaps even thousands of people suffer from injuries both minor and major throughout all industries. These effect not only the person involved but the company as well in terms of the reputation for their business, economically and as well as their goodwill. It also affects people around the particular individual that has been affected.

b. Current problem

Incidents and accidents at the workplace are a constant reminder to us of the increased efforts needed by us to prevent such tragedies. Every year fatalities are recorded despite the increase in training, compliance, investigative, follow-up and other efforts. It is due to this reason that this research was started, so as to better understand the gap between the theoretical and practical aspect to the occupational safety and health programme. We need to question our current efforts, actual effectiveness and the gaps we overlook.

c. Research question

REDUCING WORKPLACE SAFETY INCIDENTS: BRIDGING THE GAP BETWEEN SAFETY CULTURE THEORY AND PRACTICE. What can be done?

d. Research objective(s)

The objective will be to observe the safety culture in construction companies and understanding the gaps present with regards to integration of what is being preached versus what is happening in practice. Our objectives include:

1) Understand clearly how the culture of safety is applied as compared to how it is really understood.

2) Check across different companies and organizations on the perceptions of workforce with regards to safety culture.

3) Investigate extra factors influencing relationship and the relationship between examination of behaviour safety and cultural safety.

4) Translation of our findings from research for the purpose of bringing positive improvement to cultural safety to the various sectors throughout the industry via applied recommendations.

It is through empirical study that the research program has met their aim and objective. Every study will answer one or more than one objective, with specific queries towards the research in chapter 2 upon literature review.

e. Research hypotheses

The research hypotheses has been done via 3 studies addressing the aim and objective of the said research. The design is based upon underlying framework from theory that has been obtained from literature review and research.

H0: Accidents at workplace are caused by poor safety culture.

H1: Accidents at workplace are not caused by poor safety culture.

f. Definition of terms

Definition of terms - 1

The definition of safety culture is not unanimous, even for its existence of thirty years (S Gadd, 2002). This caused confusion and thus the need for safety culture models, as well as safety culture and climate review. Definitions will have to consider operations and their respective anticipated results measurements. The lack of clarity causes difficulty in implementation. These will be addressed.

g. Past related research articles (at least 20)

g.1 table of past research articles / journals

(use table with columns of title of article, publication number & publication date, description of article, difference between your research and article) (20 articles)

No.	Title of Articles / Journals	Publication Date and ISBN	Abstract / Description	Key Differences
1	The nature of safety culture: a review of theory and research (F.WGuldenmund, 2000).	Volume 34, Issues 1–3, February 2000, Pages 215-257.	Application of research customary to organisational traditions.	Applicatory methods.
2	Critical Success Factors for Behaviour-Based Safety: A Study of Twenty Industry-wide Applications (Jason P, 1999).	Volume 30, Issue 4, Winter 1999, Pages 237-249.	One-on-one interviews and focus group meetings.	Organizational inputs.
3	Safety culture assessment: a tool for improving.. safety (V F Nieva, 2003).	2003	Organizations becoming more aware of the importance of safety culture.	Awareness methods.
4	Implementing and Validating a Comprehensive Unit-Based Safety Program (Pronovost, et al., 2005).	March 2005, volume 1, issue 1, p 33-40	Safety program implementation.	Methods of implementation.
5	The Quantitative Measurement of Organizational Culture.. (Marshall, 2003).	23 May 2003, p 923-945	Measuring organization culture quantitatively.	Methods of measurement.
6	Promoting a Culture of Safety as a.. Safety Strategy: A Systematic Review (Sallie J. Weaver, Lisa H. Lubomksi, Renee F. Wilson, Elizabeth R. Pfoh, Kathryn A. Martinez, & Sydney M. Dy, 2013).	5 MARCH 2013	Methods of promoting safety culture.	The methods invloved in promoting a safety culture.
7	Predictors and outcomes of.. safety culture in hospitals (Hani Dimassi, 2011).	· 24 February 2011	Predicting organizational safety culture.	Methods and view to predictions to safety culture at workplace.
8	Implementation of a.. safety incident management system.. (Joanne F. Travaglia, 2009).	May 1, 2009	Implementation of safety system.	Method of implementation of safety system.
9	The culture of safety: results of an organization-wide survey.. (S J Singer1, 2003).	01 Apr 2003	Understanding culture through survey.	Understanding survey results depicting safety culture.
10	How Can We Improve.. Safety Research? (Ron Avi Astor, 2010)	January 1, 2010	Improving safety research.	Method of improving safety research.
11	Understanding the conditions for improvement: research to discover which context influences affect improvement success (Øvretveit, 2011).	2011	Conditions for improving safety research.	Understanding the conditions presented for improvement.
12	Thirty years of safety.. research: Reflections and future directions (Zohar, 2010).	Volume 42, Issue 5, September 2010, Pages 1517-1522	Research reflections.	Method of interpretation of research
13	Safety culture: Analysis.. (BeatrizFernández-Muñiz, 2007).	Volume 38, Issue 6, 2007, Pages 627-641	Analysing safety culture.	Method of analysis of safety culture.
14	The nature of safety culture: A survey of the state-of-the-art (Rafiq M.Choudhry, 2007).	Volume 45, Issue 10, December 2007, Pages 993-1012	Safety culture survey.	Analysis of safety culture survey.
15	Assessing safety culture in offshore environments (S.JCox, 2000).	Volume 34, Issues 1–3, February 2000, Pages 111-129	Assessment of safety culture.	Way to assess safety culture.
16	Confirmatory Cross-Cultural Research: Testing the Viability of a Corporation-Wide Safety Policy (Maddy Janssens, 2017).	30 Nov 2017	Viability of safety policy.	How to assess safety policy.
17	The role of theory in research to develop and evaluate the implementation of.. safety practices (Robbie Foy, 2011).	2011	Safety practice implementation.	Method of implementation.
18	Safety Culture: An Integrative Review (Douglas A. Wiegmann, 2009).	Pages 117-134 13 Nov 2009	Review of safety culture.	Deductions from review of safety culture.
19	Towards a model of safety culture (Ph.D., 2000).	Volume 36, Issue 2, November 2000, Pages 111-136	Safety culture model.	Understanding safety culture model.
20	Measuring.. safety climate: a review of surveys (J B Colla, 2005).	2005	Safety culture measurement.	Method of measurement of safety culture.

h. Rationale of research and research ethics

The field of safety culture remains part thereof fragmented and misunderstood. This gap needs to be closed via empirical and applied research, with intention towards future improvements.

Definition of terms - 2

Early research made reference to safety climate (Zohar, 1980), in management literature. A clearer approach to definition and implementation will be established (Steven Hecker, 2014).

Chapter 2: Literature Review

In chapter 2, literature will be reviewed with relation to cultural approach to workplace safety and health. Models will be reviewed and also their effect on actual site performance. This chapter will discuss the key gaps and opportunities via literature review.

a. Concept of Safety Culture

Here the concept will be discussed with integrated information about application with site personnel and ground efficiency.

b. Statistics of Injuries on Safety Culture

Here we will discuss the statistical data and rates and percentages of incidents and/or accidents that are related to safety culture.

c. Effects of Working With Poor Safety Culture

We will discuss what are the effects of working at our workplace with regards to poor safety culture.

d. Types of Safety Cultural Injuries

The types of injuries sustained via poor safety culture being the reason will be discussed here.

e. Types of measurements on Safety Culture

We will make a measurement on what are the contributory factors leading to poor safety culture and their relevant measurements.

Chapter 3: Research Methodology

Chapter 3 will touch on theoretical framework that is the underlying guide to the research program. The subsequent research design addressing gaps in safety culture will also be addressed. The method for each study in relation to overall research design and benefit derived from research application is also discussed.

a. Types of Research Method

This will include various methods as mentioned below:

Source: (Siegle, 2012).

b. Respondents Analysis

Handling of respondents analysis can be done by:

i) Comparing rate of response from substitute groups

ii) Weighing of data from survey, whenever possible

iii) Comparison between non-respondents and respondents

This can be done via: Usage of external sources, Data collection observations, seeding of sample

iv) Comparison between "later" and "early" respondents

v) Conducting of follow up with non-respondents

Source: (See Wang, 2014)

c. Technique of Data Collection

Source: (Minnesota, 2018)

d. Technique of Data Analysis

1. association rule learning

2. classification tree analysis

3. genetic algorithms

4. machine learning

5. regression analysis

6. sentiment analysis

7. social network analysis

Source: (Stephenson, 2019), (university, 2012)

Chapter 4: Project Costing & Timeline

Chapter 4 will describe interview with leaders on company safety in a semi-structured manner. The aim will be to provide foundational basis to how safety culture is understood by the organization. Earlier chapter 3 version for publication as peer-reviewed article include: Biggs, Banks, Davey and Freeman (2013).

a. Project Costing

b. Project Schedule

Project schedule to be completed using Gantt chart:

Chapter 5: Study Two

In chapter 5 we will approach study 2 involving perception of the worker via a quantitative method of survey. The study will use safety climate, safety behaviour of model, which will measure perception to safety and the value it places on the organization. It will also see worker behaviour to safety and self-reporting behaviour of safety. There will be various stages for change and findings with regards to barriers and factors to safety culture, which is tied up with and identified in the first study. The publications published via peer review of: international Occupational Safety in Transport (OSIT) conference, Gold Coast, September 2013: Biggs and Banks (2013) “A comparison of safety climate and safety outcomes between construction and resource functions in a large case study organisation”.

Chapter 6: Study Three

Chapter 6 will explore influence to safety motivation by workers and their supervisors. Semi-structured interviews helped to understand this further. In addition, reward versus outcome was also investigated.

Chapter 7: Conclusion & Recommendation

All previous results will be synthesized for all three studies. Recommendations will be made for future research and industry applications will also be presented.

a. Conclusion

Here we will summarize the whole project and give a simpler viewpoint to our research. At once glance, the CEO of any company can understand how they can benefit from considering the implementation of our project at their workplace.

b. Recommendation

Here, we will recommend the necessary steps needed to solve the persistent issue of incidents and accidents occurring at workplaces.

Bibliography BeatrizFernández-Muñiz, J. M.-P.-O. (2007). Safety culture: Analysis of the causal relationships between its key dimensions. Elsevier. Douglas A. Wiegmann, H. Z. (2009, November 13). Safety Culture: An Integrative Review. F.WGuldenmund. (2000). The nature of safety culture: a review of theory and research. Elsevier Ltd. Hani Dimassi, D. J. (2011). Predictors and outcomes of patient safety culture in hospitals. BMC Health Services Research. J B Colla, A. C. (2005). Measuring patient safety climate: a review of surveys. Jason P, D. E. (1999). Critical Success Factors for Behavior-Based Safety: A Study of Twenty Industry-wide Applications. National Safety Council and Elsevier Science Ltd. Joanne F. Travaglia, M. T. (2009, May 1). Implementation of a patient safety incident management system as viewed by doctors, nurses and allied health professionals. Maddy Janssens, J. M. (2017, November 30). Confirmatory Cross-Cultural Research: Testing the Viability of a Corporation-Wide Safety Policy. Marshall, T. S. (2003, May 23). The Quantitative Measurement of Organizational Culture in Health Care: A Review of the Available Instruments. 923-945. Minnesota, U. o. (2018, January). Data Collection Techniques. Retrieved August 2, 2018, from https://cyfar.org/data-collection-techniques Øvretveit, J. (2011). Understanding the conditions for improvement: research to discover which context influences affect improvement success. Ph.D., M. C. (2000, November). Towards a model of safety culture. 111-136. Pronovost, P. M., Weast, B. M., Rosenstein, B. M., Sexton, J. B., Holzmueller, C. G., Paine, L. M., et al. (2005). Implementing and Validating a Comprehensive Unit-Based Safety Program. 33-40. Rafiq M.Choudhry, D. S. (2007). The nature of safety culture: A survey of the state-of-the-art. Elsevier. Robbie Foy, J. O. (2011). The role of theory in research to develop and evaluate the implementation of patient safety practices. Ron Avi Astor, N. G. (2010, January 1). How Can We Improve School Safety Research? S Gadd, A. M. (2002). Safety Culture: A Review of the Literature. (H. &. Laboratory, Ed.) Human Factors Group. S J Singer1, D. M. (2003, April 1). The culture of safety: results of an organization-wide survey in 15 California hospitals. S.JCox, A. (2000). Assessing safety culture in offshore environments. Elsevier. Sallie J. Weaver, P., Lisa H. Lubomksi, P., Renee F. Wilson, M., Elizabeth R. Pfoh, M., Kathryn A. Martinez, P. M., & Sydney M. Dy, M. M. (2013). Promoting a Culture of Safety as a Patient Safety Strategy: A Systematic Review. Annals of Internal Medicine. See Wang, P. S. (2014, November 19). Stage 3: Analysis. Retrieved August 3, 2018, from http://www.tpsgc-pwgsc.gc.ca/rop-por/rapports-reports/telephone/etape-stage-03-eng.html Siegle, D. (2012). Educational Research Basics by Del Siegle. Retrieved August 4, 2018, from https://researchbasics.education.uconn.edu/types-of-research/ Stephenson, D. (2019, January 18). 7 Big Data Techniques That Create Business Value. Retrieved August 1, 2018, from https://www.firmex.com/thedealroom/7-big-data-techniques-that-create-business-value/ Steven Hecker, L. G. (2014, January). Understanding Safety Culture and Safety Climate in Construction: Existing Evidence and a Path Forward. university, T. o. (2012). 6 methods of data collection and analysis. V F Nieva, J. S. (2003). Safety culture assessment: a tool for improving patient safety in healthcare organizations. Quality and Safety in Health Care. Zohar, D. (2010). Thirty years of safety climate research: Reflections and future directions. Elsevier.

Appendixes

APPENDIX 1

(TOTAL: 1,300 WORDS).