Benchmark - Nursing Process: Approach to Care

Jane Chima

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Jane Chima final Benchmark-NursingProcessApproachtoCareforCancer.docx Summary Submission Ide: 435ca5ba-35b2-4358-b72f-f61ea368e41e   2224 Words   63% SIMILARITY SCORE        18   CITATION ITEMS        33   GRAMMAR ISSUES        0   FEEDBACK COMMENTS Internet Source   0% Institution   63% Running head: BENCHMARK - NURSING PROCESS: APPROACH TO CARE FOR CANCER 1 Benchmark - Nursing Process: Approach to Care for Cancer Student’s name Instructor’s name Course Date BENCHMARK - NURSING PROCESS: APPROACH TO CARE FOR CANCER 2 Benchmark - Nursing Process: Approach to Care for Cancer A recent report released by a group of scholars in the U.S. is that cancer comes second as per the reported number of deaths globally, affecting any part of the body (Hubert & Vanmeter, 2018). It can present in different forms, thus cannot be described as a single disease. Cancer cells develop after it has overtaken the healthy cells through a runaway process. As a result, it does not cause the area of abnormal cell formation to function correctly. According to Randall (2018), metastasis occurs when the cancer cells start to spread from one organ and eventually to spread to affect multiple body areas. The affected body organs present with tumor formations. Randall's (2018) study shows that cancer cells' treatment depends on the stage of cancer, and therefore, the management needs to be personalized. Most patients who are diagnosed with cancer end ups being traumatized and overwhelmed by its stigma. As such, health care providers need to address the spiritual aspects, psychosocial and medical care for the patient. This primer will discuss the diagnosis and staging of cancer, complications of cancer and the associated physical and psychological effects, factors contributing to incidence and mortality rates, American Cancer Society Education and Support, nursing process and care of the cancer patient, and the importance of liberal arts and science studies in nursing. Diagnosis and Staging of Cancer There are different signs and symptoms of various cancer cells. A patient’s diagnosis of cancer cells depends on his/her family history of cancer. In order to identify cancer at an early stage, it is essential to go for regular screening and test for any changes that may occur on organs such as genitalia, breast, and skin. Perez et al. (2015) allege that, for a professional to confirm the diagnosis of cancer, in case suspected, different blood tests should be carried out as well as performing various scans such as PET scan, CT scan, MRI scans, and bone scans. The presence BENCHMARK - NURSING PROCESS: APPROACH TO CARE FOR CANCER 3 of cancer or benign cells is then confirmed by conducting a biopsy of tumor cells. After cancer cells are confirmed after testing, the staging and categorizing of cancer follow. And hence, Hubert & Vanmeter (2018) says the physician will perform some test to determine whether cancer cells have affected one area of the body or metastasized to other body parts. Progression of cancer determines the degree and the stage of cancer. The staging process also determines the spread of cancer as well as the size of tumors. A cancer diagnosis is made with the staging process because it remains at the same stage regardless of cancer progress. It implies, whether there is a change in cancer, the stage remains the same. Some of the considerations made during the staging process are the tumor grade, the type of cells that make up the tumor, the tumor size, the location of the tumor in the body, and if cancer has spread to surrounding lymph nodes or any other part of the body (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2020). Tumor grade is characterized by the size and shape of abnormal cells and if they are likely to develop or spread. Most medical facilities and hospitals across the world report cancer incidences using the TNM system. In this method, the T in the TMN system means the primary tumor's extent and degree. The N indicates the number of lymph nodes with malignancy; M, as per Perez et al. (2015), determines if malignancy has metastasized – basically meaning the disease has spread from one area to other body areas. There are other letters and numbers in the system that classify the size and extent of the tumor if metastasis has occurred, if there is any involvement of lymph nodes if it can be measured or not, and if cancer can be located or not (Randall, 2018). The detailed TNM can be grouped into a simpler method of less-detailed stages. For instance, stage 0 – means there is presence of abnormal cells though they have not affected nearby tissues, stage I, stage II, and stage III – cancer is present (Hubert & Vanmeter, 2018). Furthermore, the extent to which the BENCHMARK - NURSING PROCESS: APPROACH TO CARE FOR CANCER 4 cancer has spread and its size depend on the number of cancer cells; and lastly, stage IV means cancer has spread to many parts of the body” (Perez et al., 2015). Complications of Cancer and the Associated Physical and Psychological Effects As mentioned by the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2020), “vulnerabilities in cancer cells and prevent growth and reproduction of such cells are stopped by the chemotherapeutic process. Different stages of cell reproduction are affected by other chemotherapeutic agents, whereas effective cancer treatment is achieved by combining different agents. Chemotherapy is frequently used as an associate to radiation or surgery (Randall, 2018). Each individual can react differently, as other chemotherapy agents produce different side effects. The following are examples of some of the complications during chemotherapy: depression, loss of appetite, fatigue, blood clots, pain, cognitive issues, loss of hair, vomiting and nausea, lymphedema, and neutropenia. The nurse should be empathetic to the patients from the side effects of their cancer treatment process and know how to minimize those effects. The introduction of medications can decrease blood clots' risk, nausea, vomiting, and pain. In order to keep cancer patient on the safe side, they need to be educated on ways they can keep themselves safe by maintaining their distance from those known to have the infections and maintaining overall hygiene since they have low white blood cell count in neutropenia (Perez et al., 2015). It’s essential to be sensitive to the body image that comes with hair loss. Some patients may choose a wig or a scarf while others decide to shave when hair loss starts. Empowering the patient by supporting them to make that decision will improve their self-esteem and body image. Loss of appetite, fatigue, cognitive issues, and cancer diagnosis, in general, contributes to depression. Patients can deal with depression when their concerns, for example, their needs and fears, alongside providing a coping mechanism, are listened to. BENCHMARK - NURSING PROCESS: APPROACH TO CARE FOR CANCER 5 Factors Contributing to Incidence and Mortality Rates Though it sounds high, the estimate for new cancer cases in 2019 was 1,762,450, and 606,880 cases were the estimated deaths, of which it’s a drop (Randall, 2018). There was a stable decline in mortality rates for cancer in 2016 by 27%, and by this, there was a decrease in cancer deaths by approximately 2.6 million (Perez et al., 2015). These declines result from the progress made towards testing and early detection and treatment, and smoking cessation improved. Still, if Americans focus on managing modifiable risk factors like obesity, alcohol consumption, and smoking, some forms of cancer like pancreas cancer, thyroid, and liver will potentially reduce. Due to socio-economic issues related to access to education, prevention through modifiable factors, and healthcare, as cited by Perez et al. (2015), it shows that individuals living in disadvantaged regions of the U.S. keep reporting high numbers of disease cases. A broader emphasis needs to be made in these areas to provide early detection and treatment, education, and useful cancer prevention measures (Hubert & Vanmeter, 2018). American Cancer Society Education and Support The ACS is a national organization that focuses on educating cancer patients by helping them survive with cancer, update them with evidence-based cancer information, and provide early prevention and detection measures during cancer treatment. They are supported by donations from cooperating sponsors, community, sports as well as people in general. The most valuable links, in my opinion, are through the “Support in Your Area” prompt found under the “Treatment & Support” section. One should not forget that the ACS website is also a wealth of information from prevention and education to treatment and research support. The patient will receive all the resources available for them when they key-in their zip code or city, or state. My zip code produced support for obtaining wigs, support groups for cancer survivors and cancer patients, advocacy for BENCHMARK - NURSING PROCESS: APPROACH TO CARE FOR CANCER 6 cancer patients, bereavement and grief services, financial assistance, utility assistance, medical equipment and supplies, health education, and housing and transport (Perez et al., 2015). There were 660 entries in all, with some services being national resources (Randall, 2018). Having close, tangible support groups and resources is vital to the cancer patient and their patients because reading all the information concerning the ACS website is helpful. Nursing Process and Care of the Cancer Patient There are at least five steps in the nursing process, and the first step is assessment. The nurses carry out several evaluations’ tests to the patients’ cultural being, psychological being, and head-to-toe assessments. This enables the nurse to treat the cancer patients completely through spirit, body, and mind. In the second step, there’s addressing the nursing diagnosis, establishing actual and possible health conditions and needs. Nurses can expect fatigue, vomiting, and nausea from a cancer patient under chemotherapy treatment. In the third step, the establishment of a care plan is also needed. Through the use of a nursing diagnosis report and the assessment, the purpose of the nurse's care plan is to request the right medications to assist in stopping the vomiting and nausea and grouping of care needs allowing resting periods due to fatigue. In the fourth step, there’s the need to implement and documenting the care plan. The administration of nausea treatment is done by the nurse as directed. Clustering active care of the patient by the nurse promotes the conservation of energy. All this is correctly written inside the medical record. Lastly, there is an evaluation of the care plan's effectiveness (Hubert & Vanmeter, 2018). If the nausea treatment is not sufficient, a different alternative should be looked at, and also the concern to find out if the patients are allowed to have enough rest by the grouped patient care needs is very important. BENCHMARK - NURSING PROCESS: APPROACH TO CARE FOR CANCER 7 The holistic care plan deals with physical, emotional, intellectual, and patient’s emotional being. Good holistic care to cancer patients can be guaranteed if the nurses are trained in cancer treatment. The nurses can educate both the cancer patients and their families to help reduce the anxiety and fears about cancer diagnosis and give them more realistic expectations. Offering bedside's emotional support and suggesting outdoor support resources can be critical. To ensure that any question asked by the cancer patients and their families is answered, nurses can coordinate consultations with several members of the care plan team. When you individualize holistic care to the cancer patient’s wants, it can decrease their level of physical distress, bring a positive effect on their physical symptoms, and improve their quality of life (Hubert & Vanmeter, 2018). Importance of Liberal Arts and Science Studies in Nursing The nurses have to be well experienced to think critically and give individualized holistic care to their patients. Humanities in liberal arts are essential to nursing training. When it comes to effective communication in writing, and spoken word, language and literature play a significant role in assisting the nurses (Randall, 2018). Essentials such as history, sociology, theology, and psychology expose the nurse to various spiritual and cultural avenues to correctly address the spiritual and cultural needs. Math and science courses enable the nurses to acquire knowledge of her patient’s body and allow her to have an easy time performing IV drip calculations and interpreting vital signs and lab values. Diversity of knowledge and critical thinking skills are achieved using sciences and liberal arts through the nursing curriculum (Perez et al., 2015). Conclusion In conclusion, cancer affects the body directly and affects the patient’s spirit and mind; indirectly, it is both a physical and psychological disease. There are some curable cancers, and others are not curable. Sensitivity by nurses to every aspect of the cancer diagnosis of their patients BENCHMARK - NURSING PROCESS: APPROACH TO CARE FOR CANCER 8 is essential. Cancer Patients should be given enough cancer education, have their concerns listened to, provided with physical and emotional support. They should also be provided with realistic expectations, have their questions and fears listened to, and provide resources to support and help them deal with their cancer diagnosis. Nurses can make a positive result on the patient by easing their anxieties and fears; they can also have the ability to create a positive effect on the patient physically and also promote quality of life. The nurse can achieve individualized and holistic care to the patient through all the above-discussed strategies. References Randall, J. (2018). Cellular and Immunological Complexities. Pathophysiology: Clinical Applications for Client Health. Grand Canyon University (Ed.). https://lc.gcumedia.com/nrs410v/pathophysiology-clinical-applications-for-client- health/v1.1/#/chapter/4 Center for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020). What are the risk factors for skin cancer? U. S. Department of Health and Human Services. https://www.cdc.gov/cancer/skin/basic_info/risk_factors.htm Perez, D., Kite, J., Dunlop, S. M., Cust, A. E., Goumas, C., Cotter, T., Walsberger, S. C., Dessaix, A., & Bauman, A. (2015). Exposure to the dark side of tanning skin cancer prevention mass media campaign and its association with tanning attitudes in New South Wales, Australia. Health Education Research, 30(2), 336–346. https://doi-org.lopes.idm.oclc.org/10.1093/her/cyv002 Hubert, R. J. & Vanmeter. K. C. (2018). Gould's pathophysiology for the health professions (6th ed.). Saunders. BENCHMARK - NURSING PROCESS: APPROACH TO CARE FOR CANCER 9

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