You are interested in studying systemic racism in the United States, and gather data on 825 residential

You are interested in studying systemic racism in the United States, and gather data on 825 residential neighborhoods throughout the country. The two variables which interest you are the quality of the neighborhood (a composite measure of the neighborhood’s noise, pollution, crime, available services, and open space) and the neighborhood’s proportion of non-whites. Perform a hypothesis test at 99% confidence to see if the quality is significantly related to the racial composition of the neighborhood.

You are researching the relationship between union membership and salaries among public servants, so you gather the following data classifying 1,190 fire departments from around the country using stratified random sampling. Based on the data summarized below, perform a χ² test at 90% confidence to see if there is a significant relationship between salary and union status.