Why is it easier to measure the effects of smoking on an individual's health than it is to measure the effects of antismoking campaigns on health?

A supply curve does all of the following, except:

Uses the ceteris paribus assumption.

Holds constant time, place, income, costs of inputs, costs of substitutes, and suppliers' expectations about future prices.

Shows the quantity producers are willing and able to supply at each price.

Shows consumers' marginal benefit for each unit produced.

Shows the opportunity cost to consumers over various quantities.

Why is it easier to measure the effects of smoking on an individual's health than it is to measure the effects of antismoking campaigns on health? Be sure to discuss the idea of medical care as a derived demand.

Licensure of physicians means that, to some extent, the supply of physicians can be viewed as a vertical line. Explain what this means for the price of physician services. How might this change over time?

The production of health can be viewed as a function of several inputs. Empirical evidence suggests that:

Medical care is the most important input to health outcomes in the past 150 years.

Environment, heredity, and per capita income are more important factors than medical care in improving health outcomes in the past 150 years. 

Increased health care spending in the United States is possible without transferring scarce resources away from other areas. 

Individuals have little control over personal choices such as exercising and avoiding smoking cigarettes.

The demand for health is a derived demand. 

The  Principle of Diminishing Marginal Returns means: 

The more of a good that is consumed, the lower the average benefit from consumption.

The more of a good that is produced, the greater the benefit of the last good to the supplier.

The less of a good that is produced, the greater the average productivity of inputs.

The more of a good that is produced, the lower the productivity of the last input to production.

The more of a good that is produced, the greater the marginal productivity of the last input.

Achieving economic efficiency in the market for hospital emergency room services differs from the perfectly competitive model because:

Making dynamic technological advances means that some current efficiency must be sacrificed.

Management of personnel and technological inputs must be made in the face of certainty about medical outcomes.

Issues of access to services only matter in the perfectly competitive model.

Demand for emergency room care is highly elastic.

Cost minimization efforts might conflict with broader societal goals of compassion and palliative care in the emergency room.