statistics for the Social Sciences: forum and responses

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Week 6 Forum

So far you have read about and practiced various tests of significance.  These tests work in two ways:

  1. They allow us to see if our relationship is "statistically significant".  (Remember that this only shows us that there is or is not a relationship but does NOT show us if it is big, small, or in-between.)
  2. It let's us know if our findings can be generalized to the population which our sample was selected from and represents.

This week you will decide which test of significance you will use for your project.  For this class your choices for tests will include one of the following:

  • Chi-square
  • t Test
  • ANOVA

We will be using a process for hypothesis testing which outlines five steps researchers can follow to complete this process:

  1. Write your research hypothesis (H1) and your null hypothesis (H0).
  2. Identify and record your confidence interval.  These are usually .05 (95%) or .01 (99%). 
  3. Complete the test using SPSS.
  4. Identify the number under Sig. (2-tail).  This will be represented by "p".
  5. Compare the numbers in steps 2 and 4 and apply the following rule:
    1. If p < or = confidence interval, than you reject the null hypothesis
  6. Determine what to do with your null and explain this to your reader.  Be sure to go beyond the phrase "reject or fail to reject the null" and explain how that impacts your research and best describes the relationship between variables.

 

Instructions for all Forums:

Sociology lives when we engage it – we read about it, we discuss it, we debate it, we frame our research questions with it, we put it to the test of empiricism, and every once in a while we build it ourselves.  Therefore, the success of this course depends on all of us thoroughly engaging it.  One of the most important parts of the course will be the discussions and debates we participate in, in our Forum.  These discussions need to be informed by thorough reading of the assigned texts. 

Each week, learners will post one initial post per week.  This post must demonstrate comprehension of the course materials, the ability to apply that knowledge in the real world, active presence.  Learners will engage with the instructor and peers through rich responses to their posts.  To motivate engaged discussion, posts are expected to be on time with regular interaction throughout the week.  All posts should demonstrate college level writing skills. To promote vibrant discussion as we would in a face to face classroom, formatted citations and references are not required.  Quotes should not be used at all, or used sparingly.  If you quote a source quotation marks should be used and an APA formatted citation and reference provided.

 

 

 

Points

 

Exemplary (100%)

 

 

Accomplished (85%)

 

 

Developing (75%)

 

Beginning (65%)

 

Not Participating (0%)

 

Comprehension of course materials

 

4

Initial post demonstrates rich comprehension of course materials.  Detailed use of terminology or examples learned in class.  If post includes opinion, it is supported with evaluated evidence.

Initial post demonstrates clear comprehension of course materials.  Use of terminology or examples learned in class. If post includes opinion, it is supported with evaluated evidence.

Initial post does not clearly demonstrate comprehension of course materials.  Specific terminology or examples learned in class may be incorrect or incomplete.  Post may include some opinion without evaluated evidence.

Initial post does not demonstrate comprehension of course materials.  Specific terminology or examples learned in class are not included.  Post is opinion based without evaluated evidence.

No posting, post is off topic, post does not meet minimum criteria for demonstrating beginning level of comprehension. Post may be plagiarized, or use a high percentage of quotes that prevent demonstration of student’s comprehension.

Real world application of knowledge

 

2

Initial post demonstrates that the learner can creatively and uniquely apply the concepts and examples learned in class to a personal or professional experience from their life.

Initial post demonstrates that the learner can apply the concepts and examples learned in class to a current event.

Initial post does not clearly demonstrate that the learner can apply the concepts and examples learned in class. Unclear link between the concepts and examples learned in class to personal or professional experience or to a current event.

Initial does not demonstrate that the learner can apply the concepts and examples learned in class. No link to a personal or professional experience or to a current event is made in the post.

No posting, post is off topic, post does not meet minimum criteria for demonstrating beginning level of application. Post may be plagiarized, or use a high percentage of quotes that prevent demonstration of student’s ability to apply comprehension.

Active Forum Engagement

 2

Posts one or more responses to a classmate or instructor replies to the learner’s initial post. 

 

Posts two or more 100+ word responses to initial posts of classmates.  Posts motivate group discussion and contributes to the learning community by doing 2+ of the following:

 

·  offering advice or strategy

·  posing a question,

·  providing an alternative point-of-view,

·  acknowledging similar experiences

·  sharing a resource

Posts two 100+ word responses to initial posts of classmates.  Posts motivate group discussion and contribute to the learning community by doing  2+ of the following:

 

·  offering advice or strategy

·  posing a question,

·  providing an alternative point-of-view,

·  acknowledging similar experiences

·  sharing a resource

Posts one 100+ word response to initial post of classmate.  Post motivates group discussion and contributes to the learning community by doing 1 of the following:

 

·  offering advice or strategy

·  posing a question,

·  providing an alternative point-of-view,

·  acknowledging similar experiences

·  sharing a resource

Posts one 100+ word response to initial post of classmate.  Post does not clearly motivate group discussion or clearly contribute to the learning community.

 

Responses do not:

·  offering advice or strategy

·  posing a question,

·  providing an alternative point-of-view,

·  acknowledging similar experiences

·  sharing a resource

No peer responses are made.  One or more peer responses of low quality (“good job, I agree”) may be made.

Active Forum Presence

1

Learner posts 4+ different days in the learning week.

 

Initial post is made by Thursday 11:55pm ET of the learning week.

 

Response posts are made by Sunday 11:55pm ET of the learning week.

Learner posts 3 different days in the learning week.

 

Initial post is made by Friday 11:55pm ET of the learning week.

 

Response posts are made by Sunday 11:55pm ET of the learning week.

Learner posts 2 different days in the learning week. 

 

Initial post is made by Saturday 11:55pm ET of the learning week.

 

Response posts are made by Sunday 11:55pm ET of the learning week.

Learner posts 1 day in the learning week. 

 

Initial post is made by Sunday 11:55pm ET of the learning week.

 

Response posts are made by Sunday 11:55pm ET of the learning week.

Posts are not made during the learning week and therefore do not contribute to or enrich the weekly conversation.

Writing skills

 1

Post is 250+ words.  All posts reflect widely accepted academic writing protocols like using capital letters (“I am” not “i am”), cohesive sentences, and no texting language. Dialogue is also polite and respectful of different points of view.

Post is 250+ words.  The majority of posts reflect widely-accepted academic writing protocols like using capital letters (“I am” not “i am”), cohesive sentences, and no texting language. Dialogue is polite and respectful of different points of view.

Post is 150+ words.  The majority of posts reflect widely-accepted academic writing protocols like using capital letters (“I am” not “i am”), cohesive sentences, and no texting language. Dialogue may not be respectful of different points of view.

Post is 100+ words.  The majority of the forum communication ignores widely-accepted academic writing protocols like capital letters (“I am” not “i am”), cohesive sentences, and texting; Dialogue may not be respectful of different points of view.

No posting, post is off topic and does not meet minimum criteria for demonstrating beginning level of comprehension.

 

 

 

First Responce:

Test of significance

Michael Reece (Jul 11, 2016 5:09 PM) - Read by: 8Reply to This MessageReply
 

 

Because divorce is the center point of my study, military service and suicide focus around it, my hypothesis is; Military service has a negative effect on marriage resulting in divorce, while divorce is a contributing factor for suicide. The null hypothesis is divorces are not related to military service, and suicide is not a direct result of divorce. The confidence interval used was .05, this showed military service and divorce t test showed a statistically reliable difference. Sig. (2-tailed) has a .04 value this is < or equal to the .05 confidence interval. Suicide and divorce failed to show a statistically reliable difference. Sig. (2-tailed) had a value of .833 which is greater than .05 confidence interval. For military service and suicide we can disregard the null hypothesis because there is a greater potential for military service being the cause of divorce. For suicide the null hypothesis still must be considered, divorce is not a contributing factor to suicide.

Rejecting the null hypothesis for the first part of this means that the military service sample and divorced sample were from the same population. Failing to reject the null hypothesis for the second part can mean that the two samples of divorce and suicide were from a different population. One factor that can have a large impact on the outcome of these tests would be the introduction of a traumatic event, trauma is not listed in the SPSS 2012 data used. Traumatic event data could show a completely different outcome for both tests, more so if the population was limited to military members.

 

Second responce:

William HarperWeek 6 Forum
William Harper (Jul 12, 2016 3:01 PM) - Read by: 4Reply to This MessageReply

1.                  State your research hypothesis (H1) 

My hypothesis is that professing to belong to the Judeo Christian tradition does not affect overall hapiness

null hypothesis (H0)

The null hypothesis would be that professing to belong to the Judeo Christian tradition does affect overall happiness

 

2.                  Identify your confidence interval (.05 or .01)

Confidence interval is .01

3.                  Conduct your analysis using SPSS.

 

 

SPSS OUTPUT

4.                  Look for the valid score for comparison.  This score is usually under ‘Sig 2-tail’ or ‘Sig. 2’.  We will call this “p”.

P= 0.00

5.         Compare the two and apply the following rule:

a.         If “p” is < or = confidence interval, than you reject the null.

In this comparison I used JUDEOCHRISTIAN and HOWHAPPY R IS as my two variables. I also use a 95% confidence which left a .05 level for the confidence interval. Based upon the equation P=0.00 is less the confidence level. This means that the null would be rejected. This is different from the other calculations that I have done so far in my research as it focused merely on the religious affiliation and the relation to happiness. In my other research I have focused more on the regular attendance of services this week I wanted to take a step back from the action and look at the overall totality of this type religion. The best understanding that I have from these numbers is that while many may have a healthy religious belief that contributes to their happiness having this type of religious belief does not significantly impact that level of happiness.

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