A researcher wants to know if there was a difference between urban

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  1. A researcher wants to know if there was a difference between urban and rural jurisdictions in the hiring of female police officers last year. In urban jurisdictions (N = 77), the mean number of females hired was 9.65 (s = 4.17).  Police departments in nonurban areas (N = 84) hired an average of 6.80 females (s = 4.16).  Using an alpha of .05, test the null hypothesis that there is no difference between the means.
    1. What is the null hypothesis?  What is the research hypothesis?
    2. What are the degrees of freedom?
    3. What is the critical value?
    4. Do you reject or fail to reject the null hypothesis?
    5. What does this mean?
  2. According to the UCR, Southern states that had the death penalty (N = 15) executed an average of 6.00 people per state in 2009 (s = 6.07).  Non-Southern states that authorized capital punishment (N = 22) averaged 1.32 executions per state (s = 0.69).  Using an alpha level of .05, test the null hypothesis of no difference.
    1. What is the null hypothesis?  What is the research hypothesis?
    2. What are the degrees of freedom?
    3. What is the critical value?
    4. Do you reject or fail to reject the null hypothesis?
    5. What does this mean?
  3. In 2004, the high court in the state of New York declared the state’s death penalty legislation unconstitutional.  The table before contains UCR homicide data for New York’s six largest cities before and after the death penalty was abolished.  Using alpha = .05, test the null hypothesis of no difference. 

 

City

Homicides per 100,000 citizens in 2004

Homicides per 100,000 citizens in 2005

Amherst Town

0.00

0.90

Buffalo

17.86

19.77

New York

27.04

24.64

Rochester

16.70

24.91

Syracuse

11.09

13.26

Yonkers

7.58

4.56

 

  1. What is the null hypothesis?  What is the research hypothesis?
  2. What are the degrees of freedom?
  3. What is the critical value?
  4. Do you reject or fail to reject the null hypothesis?
  5. What does this mean?

 

  1. A professor is interested in whether or not bullying decreases after a school-based intervention.  He assesses the students’ perceptions of bullying before and after showing them an anti-bullying film using an anti-bullying scale where higher numbers indicate a greater tolerance for bullying.  Test the null hypothesis of no difference using alpha = .05.

Student

Before

After

Alan

7

5

Robert

4

4

Gloria

4

1

Norma

3

4

Michael

9

8

Megan

5

5

Lisa

8

7

 

  1. What is the null hypothesis?  What is the research hypothesis?
  2. What are the degrees of freedom?
  3. What is the critical value?
  4. Do you reject or fail to reject the null hypothesis?
  5. What does this mean?
  6. The SPSS output below contains data on the number of prior arrests among three types of felony defendants: those facing at least 2 murder charges; those facing one murder charge; and those facing rape charges.  Using the output, answer the following questions:
    1. What is the average number of prior arrests for the sample?
    2. What is the average number of prior arrests for multiple-murder defendants?
    3. Do the number of prior arrests differ significantly as a result of the charge types?  How do you know?
    4. Do multiple-murder defendants have a significantly different number of prior arrests compared to other types of defendants?  How do you know?
    5. What are the differences between multiple murder defendants and other defendants?
  7. A researcher is interested in whether or not having a privately retained attorney affects the number of days between arrest and pretrial release for rape defendants.  Using the SPSS output below, answer the following questions:
    1. How many people were included in the sample?
    2. What is the average number of days between arrest and pretrial release for the entire group?
    3. What is the average number of days between arrest and pretrial release for defendants with a public defender?
    4. Do the number of the days between arrest and pretrial release vary significantly by attorney type?  How do you know?
 

 

Arrests

 

  1. A researcher is interested in the public’s perception that stricter handgun regulations would help curb the murder rate in the U.S.  He admits that some people think that tougher gun laws will not reduce murder because people who are motivated to kill but who cannot obtain a handgun will just find a different weapon. This idea, called the substitution effect, would result in a negative correlation between handgun and knife murders.  Using data from 10 states, the researcher calculates the murder rates per 100,000 state residents.  Using the output below, answer the following questions:
    1. On average, how many murders using knives occur per 100,000 residents?
    2. Is the correlation between the two variables statistically significant?  How do you know?
    3. Is the correlation positive or negative? What does this mean?
  2. A researcher is interested in whether it takes defendants who face multiple charges longer to get through the adjudication process compared to defendants who only have one charge?  Using alpha = .01, answer the following questions:
    1. What is the mean number of charges faced by the defendants?
    2. How many individuals are in the sample?
    3. Is the correlation statistically significant at the .01 level?  How do you know?
    4. What is the strength of the correlation?
    5. How much of the variance in the months until release is explained by the variance in the number of charges? 
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