Research Paper

Due Monday August 22, 2016 8am 

$40.00 please be 100% original 

OPPOSITIONAL DISORDER DISEASE                                                        

The research paper will be any disease or condition of the body. The paper must include a thorough description of the disease/condition; current statistics of those affected - epidemiology; financial costs both terms of treatment and loss of productivity; explanations on how the various body systems (anatomically and/or physiologically) are affected; etiology; medications/treatments that are available; prognosis of those affected, and future outlook in general.

 Research paper must have 1200 words no more then 1500 not to include abstract,cover paper,annotate. 

* cover/title page (page 1)

* corrected abstract  (page 2) ( abstract paper turn in I am missing a lot of work )  

Must be in the abstract 

Statistic/ Epidemiology

Financial cost

Anatomy & Physiology

Etiology (cause)

Diagnosis/ treatment/ prognosis 

                                                          Abstract

In recent a post, oppositional disorder diseases has been on the rise, raising questions about the manner in which diseases is spreading especially among children. The high prevalence levels of the oppositional disorder have raised more concerns especially form the health, sectors thus developing the need to understand the disorder better. This research paper will, therefore, encompass a broad perspective of oppositional disorder disease to effectively understand how it is manifested, various ways in which it manifests itself to develop preventive strategy much earlier before the situation reaches full-blown.

Unlike the common conduct disorder where the patient is more aggressive towards people and animals, the oppositional disorder is more silent, and it takes time for it to be detected.  The lifetime prevalence of the disease is estimated to be 10.2%. The disease is mostly observed in children and adolescents across the globe.

Some of the common symptoms of the disease involve a certain behavior where children’s behavior is much different compared to their peers. A patient suffering from oppositional disorder tends to have a turn in their behavior including regular loose of temper, being angry and resentful, argues with authorities without any significant reason. It is importance to note that the persistence and frequency of these behaviors should be used to differentiate between normal behavior and symptoms of the oppositional disorder. The disease causes a massive effect on patient’s mental and physical wellbeing.

The most common cause of the oppositional disorder is the genetic influence. Research has shown that parents tend to pass on expressing disorder to their children, and it may be displayed in multiple ways. The disease can be easily diagnosed basing on the extent at which the change of behavior causes distress to the family members or drastic changes in academic and social functioning. These behaviors must persist for six months for there to be any chance of oppositional disorder.

As expressed by the American Academy of child and adolescent psychiatry, treatment of the oppositional disorder is patient specific. This because each patient has different behavioral changes thus requires careful study of the patient behavior before deciding on appropriate treatment to undertake. The treatment modality of the disease is much strenuous to patient’s families and the entire society since most of time and resources are used to treat these preventable disorder.

Effective analysis of oppositional disorder disease will provide a greater understanding of the disease by basing on different levels including prevalence and incidence level, the symptoms, costs incurred and how best oppositional disorder disease can be present in children and the adolescent individuals.

* body of the paper (starts on page 3, you will have multiple pages)

* annotated bibliography (starts on a separate page after the body of your paper)

* reference page (starts on a separate page after the annotated bibliography)

Here is copy of annotated paper I turn in early for grade must have five reference 

Whelan, Y. M., Stringaris, A., Maughan, B., & Barker, E. D. (2013). Developmental continuity of oppositional defiant disorder subdimensions at ages 8, 10, and 13 years and their distinct psychiatric outcomes at age 16 years. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 52(9), 961-969.

The authors of the article sought to test the developmental continuity, predictive associations, and interrelationships of oppositional disorders with sub-dimensions of irritable, headstrong and hurtful nature. To get accurate results from the study, the author’s utilized data collected from 6328 mother-child pairs who were participating in the Avon Longitudinal study of both parents and children.

The study can find out that developmental continuity in each of the three sub-dimension was considered strong and the interrelationships that exist indicated that headstrong was related majorly with irritable, and it was also noted from the study that irritable sub-dimension did not cross relate with other oppositional disorder diseases. The study also found out that at the age of 13 years, irritable was associated with depression in children while headstrong sub-dimension was closely related to delinquency and callous attitude in individuals. Hurtful sub-dimension of oppositional disorder disease did not associate with any of the individuals 3 age 16 outcomes.

The article has been retrieved from the journal of the American Academy of child and adolescent psychiatry. The article is peer reviewed making its information very much relevant because it has been endorsed by different authors. The research is not biased in any way because the data collection, analysis and discussed completely reflect the main idea of the study.

This source is very relevant as it puts into perspective different oppositional disorder disease sub-dimension and its effects on various individuals within the community. The research has been able to reflect effectively on the major objectives posed which exactly the study sought to determine. One of the strengths of this research is that it provides strong analysis into different sub-dimensions of oppositional disorder disease. The weakness of the research is that the study bases on a single type of population to make critical conclusions about the oppositional disease.

Burke, Jeffrey D., Richard Rowe, and Khrista Boylan. "Functional outcomes of child and adolescent oppositional defiant disorder symptoms in young adult men." Journal of child psychology and psychiatry 55.3 (2014): 264-272.

The authors of this article conducted research to determine functional outcomes of child and adolescent oppositional disorder disease symptoms in young adult men. The research was mainly aided by the fact that there are little known functional outcomes in adulthood related to the oppositional disorder.

The study utilized data collected from a sample of 177 boys aged between 7 and 12 years with another set aged between 18  and 24 years which comprised of the young adult population. The study, therefore, was able to determine that oppositional disorder significantly obstructs functioning more so in interpersonal relationships. It was also noted that the continuous impairment that is associated with oppositional disorder disease into young adulthood requires a quick reevaluation of the disease as a disorder that is limited to childhood.

The articles are peer reviewed adapted from the journal of child psychology and psychiatry. The information is very much reliable and completely relevant to oppositional disorder. The authors are very experienced in the field of research thus being aware of what is to be done and what information to look for in a given research. The research conducted is very much objective as it focuses on the main aspects brought forward by the author.

The study is very relevant to the research because it provides important information regarding the age at which the disease is much prevalent thus being in a position to develop better preventive measures. The strength of the research is that it provides relevant information regarding the prevalence of the oppositional disorder diseases. The weakness of the study is that the sample size did not completely engage all the age groups for better and informed decision.

Shanahan, L., Copeland, W. E., Angold, A., Bondy, C. L., & Costello, E. J. (2014). Sleep problems predict and are predicted by generalized anxiety/depression and oppositional defiant disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 53(5), 550-558.

The authors carried out the study to determine whether sleep problems co-occur, precede or follow common psychiatric disorders during childhood and adolescence period. The study was conducted in the Great Smoky Mountains with a sample size of 1420 children between the age of 9 and 16 years.

The study was able to find out that sleep problems both forecasted and are predicted by a diagnostic cluster which includes oppositional disorder. With this regard, promising opportunities for reducing the burden from any mental illness during an individual’s early life.

The study is retrieved from a very credible source, Journal of the American Academy of child and adolescent psychiatry. The information provided in the article is has been reviewed by other authors and has been used as background for other studies in the similar field. The article is objective though it does not effectively achieve the set target

The source is very reliable as it contains other peer-reviewed articles that provide more information on oppositional disorder diseases. The strength of the study is that it provides an insight into the impact of oppositional disease disorder. The weakness of the study is that it does not provide more information on the objectives being studied by the researchers.