Quiz 2

a-normal

b-

 Skewed

c. t

d. F

         a. 100 per group

         b. 50 per group

         c. 25 per group

         d. 5 per group

         a. Projected drop-out rate to inflate the sample size estimate based on the projected loss to follow-up in a study.

         b. A predetermined power for the study to detect a difference when one actually exists.

         c. The correlation coefficient between the two groups being compared.

         d. The informed estimation of the incidence in both groups being compared.

         a. A cross-sectional study recruits participants that are willing to sign up outside of a major university and meet the inclusion and exclusion criteria to take part in the survey relating unsafe sex habits to STIs.

         b. A researcher is interested in the relationship between coffee drinking and lung cancer, and after careful multivariate linear regression modeling determines that a significant percentage of the relationship is due to another variable, cigarette smoking.

         c. An observational study recruits participants for a study looking at Alzheimer’s disease due to exposure to industrial hazards by asking participants to recall their exposure over the past 10 years.

         d. A data-entry specialist responsible for adding in fasting glucose levels to a database accidentally skipped an observation during the input phase of data cleaning.

         a. “random”

         b. “nonrandom”

         c. “indifferent”

         d. “noisy”

         a. z test (large sample)

         b. Fisher’s exact procedure (small samples)

         c. the chi-square test

         d. the Wassermann test

         a. the exact Fisher or Mid-P procedure

         b. the asymptotic procedure

         c. the random event generator

         d. the special theory of relativity

         a. 1-by-2 table

         b. 2-by-1 table

         c. 2-by-2 table

         d. A single row table

         a. Use an adding machine

         b. Use computer program

         c. Call a statistician

         d. Use pencil and paper

         a. multiplier, e.g., an RR of 2 suggests that the exposure doubles risk

         b. adder, e.g., an RR of 2 suggests that the exposure sums risk

         c. divider, e.g., an RR of 2 suggests that the exposure divides risk

         d. neutralizer, e.g., an RR of 2 suggests that the exposure neutralizes risk

         a. This is the “multiplier RR,” indicating increased association.

         b. This is the “baseline RR,” indicating no association.

         c. This is the “small effect RR,” indicating slightly increased association.

         d. This is the “population RR,” indicating population prevalent association.

         a. No association;

         b. a negative association; specifically, 15% lower risk (in relative terms) with exposure.

         c. a positive association; specifically, 15% higher risk (in relative terms) with exposure.

         d. a positive association; specifically, 115% higher risk (in relative terms) with exposure.

         a. Less

         b. Equally

         c. More

         d. None of the above

         a. Confounding

         b. Information bias

         c. Selection bias

         d. Random sampling error

         a. Away from the null and show a positive effect.

         b. can bias results in either direction.

         c. toward the null (or have no effect).

         d. Away from the null and show a negative effect.