philosophy critical thinking

Long Answer Question (4-5 paragraphs, 20 points):

1) According to Karl Hempel, what are the roles of induction and deduction in the testing of scientific hypotheses? What, exactly, is the distinction between deductive and inductive reason? What is the significance of this distinction for scientific knowledge? Give an example to illustrate your answer.

Short Answer Questions (1-2 paragraphed, 5 points each):

2) In "What is Enlightenment?" Kant makes a distinction between the public and private uses of reasons. What is this distinction and how are we to understand the freedom of speech in relation to each of these uses?

3) Collins and Pinch claim that relativity "was a truth brought about by agreement to agree about new things." What do they mean by this and what is the significance of this to how we should understand the production of scientific knowledge?

4) In "What is Ideology?" Terry Eagleton makes a distinction between the sociological and epistemological approaches to ideology. What characterizes each approach?

5) According to Linda Nochlin, what is one of the primary reasons why there have been no great women artists?