PHI 208 Week 5 final exam (50/50) for Hawk

1.  What does Noddings say about male versus female language when opposing war? (Points : 1) 

1. Women are more likely to become emotional rather than rational when discussing such matters

2. Women and men use approximately the same types of language when discussing the horror of death

3. Men are more likely to speak in the abstract about violence; women are more likely to refer to their own hands on in helping victims of violence

4. Women feel that language is irrelevant; it is actions that count

Question 2. 2.  If the Ring of Gyges really existed, (Points : 1) 

1. Just people would use it for justice.

2. Just people would not use it at all.

3. Unjust people would use it differently than just people.

4. Everyone would use it the same.

Question 3. 3.  How do we determine the difference between higher and lower pleasures, according to Mill? (Points : 1) 

1. The relative duration and intensity.

2. The preference of those who are acquainted with both.

3. The amount of happiness they produce on average.

4. We can’t, since there is no difference between pleasures. 

Question 4. 4.  Robinson describes magnanimity and integrity as both primarily concerned with what? (Points : 1) 

1. Honor

2. Wealth

3. Courage

4. Generosity

Question 5. 5.  Which of the following does not describe how egg-laying hens are treated in factory farms? (Points : 1) 

1. They are allowed to scratch through dirt and grass looking for seeds and bugs in the fresh open air.

2. They are kept in such tight confinement that they cannot lift their wings

3. They are starved into a period of ‘forced molting’

4. They have their beaks painfully seared off

Question 6. 6.  Rachels claims that active euthanasia: (Points : 1) 

1. sometimes leads to more suffering than passive euthanasia.

2. sometimes leads to the same amount of suffering as passive euthanasia.

3. sometimes leads to less suffering than passive euthanasia.

4. all of the above.

Question 7. 7.  What does Singer say about other philosophers’ attempts to argue that only humans have moral worth? (Points : 1) 

1. That they give a good way to determine who has rights in a way that includes all humans and no animals

2. That they all say that animals should have rights too

3. That they come up with unjustified methods to include all humans while excluding all animals from moral consideration

4. That animals do not have rights because they are not as smart as humans are

Question 8. 8.  Aristotle states that if we ask what the highest good of human action is: (Points : 1) 

1. there is no agreement about the answer.

2. most people agree that it is pleasure.

3. nearly everyone agrees that it is happiness.

4. there is no objective answer to this question.

Question 9. 9.  When faced with the complaint that utilitarianism is a doctrine worthy of pigs, Mill responds that pleasures differ in: (Points : 1) 

1. purity.

2. quality.

3. species.

4. weight.

Question 10. 10.  According to Tom Regan, what is fundamentally wrong with our current system? (Points : 1) 

1. It mistreats animals in captivity

2. It does not adequately reduce the number of experiments to only what is medically necessary

3. It treats animals as resources; as though they exist for us

4. That it doesn’t utilize animals enough for beneficial purposes

Question 11. 11.  Kant claims that a good will is: (Points : 1) 

1. something that can only be called good with qualification.

2. the only thing that can be called good without qualification.

3. that which makes qualified goods like character traits morally good.

4. both B and C.

Question 12. 12.  Passive euthanasia is: (Points : 1) 

1. the intentional termination of one’s life by another person, to relieve pain and suffering.

2. ceasing to use “extraordinary means” to prolong someone’s life.

3. intentionally causing a patient’s death, against the patient’s wishes.

4. the refusal to treat a patient to avoid incurring unnecessary costs.

Question 13. 13.  In Held’s article, a thinker named Annette Baier claims that the history of Western ethical thought does not take into account feminine aspects because (Points : 1) 

1. The great moral theorists were men who had little intimate interaction with women.

2. The great moral theorists were often loving husbands.

3. The great moral theorists hated women.

4. The great moral theorists

Question 14. 14.  Hill would claim that a lack of aesthetic perception (Points : 1) 

1. might indicate an inability to appreciate the true value of things in general.

2. might indicate that the person simply has a different set of subjective tastes.

3. might indicate that one lacks a precise philosophical account of the beautiful.

4. might indicate an inability to express proper self-deception.

Question 15. 15.  According to Rachels, active euthanasia involves: (Points : 1) 

1. the intentional termination of one’s life by another person, to relieve pain and suffering.

2. ceasing to use “extraordinary means” to prolong someone’s life.

3. intentionally causing a patient’s death, against the patient’s wishes.

4. the refusal to treat a patient to avoid incurring unnecessary costs.

Question 16. 16.  In the article “War and Massacre,” Thomas Nagel argues that moral absolutism (Points : 1) 

1. is consistent with the principles of utilitarianism

2. can be used to justify genocide

3. is primarily concerned with what a person is doing

4. is primarily concerned with the outcome of a person’s actions

Question 17. 17.  Aristotle describes each virtue as: (Points : 1) 

1. a maximum.

2. a minimum

3. a relative mean.

4. an absolute mean.

Question 18. 18.  Which of the following would be an idea shared both by the teacher (Kevin Kline) from the clip of The Emperor’s Club, and by either MacIntyre or Aristotle (or both)? (Points : 1) 

1. If you act dishonestly, you are bound to eventually get caught, and that is why you should always be honest.

2. If one exercises the virtues like honesty, one is bound to achieve greater wealth, success, and honor.

3. Cheating might lead to external success, but at the cost of internal failure.

4. Watch what you say because you never know who might be listening .  

Question 19. 19.  According to Rachels, active euthanasia is currently: (Points : 1) 

1. forbidden by law, and conventionally considered immoral.

2. forbidden by law, but conventionally considered permissible.

3. permitted by law, but conventionally considered immoral.

4. permitted by law, and conventionally considered permissible.

Question 20. 20.  Which of the following does Peter Singer assert about the principle of equality? (Points : 1) 

1. People should have equal rights because they are factually equal.

2. People with higher abilities, it stands to reason, should have greater rights.

3. Different groups of humans should have equal rights if scientific investigation proves that there are no genetic differences in their abilities.

4. It is a prescription that we should treat people equally regardless of their differing abilities.

Question 21. 21.  Robinson describes magnanimity as the mean between the extremes of: (Points : 1) 

1. Vanity and vice

2. Generosity and selfishness

3. Generosity and greed

4. Vanity and pusillanimity

5. None of the above

Question 22. 22.  In the video “Sexism in the News Media 2012” some newscasters blame military women for this (Points : 1) 

1. being killed in combat

2. being raped

3. not being able to have children

4. being war heroes

Question 23. 23.  According to the video “Meet Your Meat”, which of the following is not

true of how animals are slaughtered on factory farms (Points : 1) 

1. They are driven in extreme weather conditions without food or water

2. They are often still conscious while being slaughtered

3. They are often roughly handled and severely injured by the time they make it to slaughter

4. They are ensured every means of avoiding fear and stress during the slaughtering process.

Question 24. 24.  How have historians tended to treat typically male tendencies versus typically female tendencies? (Points : 1) 

1. Historians value female tendencies more highly because it is childbearing and childrearing that enable the group to survive

2. Female traditions have been emphasized because they reflect keep aesthetic refinement and sophistication

3. Male tendencies, like mathematics, warfare, and even singing have been prized more highly

4. No correlation has been found at all between criminal violence and childhood abuse

Question 25. 25.  According to Thomas Nagel’s article, “War and Massacre,” the absolutist position that creates no problems of interpretation is (Points : 1) 

1. rule utilitarianism

2. act utilitarianism

3. pacifism

4. humanitarian intervention

Question 26. 26.  Jeremy Waldron argues that the current use of drone warfare is unethical because (Points : 1) 

1. it is conducted by unlawful combatants such as CIA personnel who are not subject to military ethics

2. it is conducted by individuals who are thousands of miles removed from targets

3. it may result in unintended civilian casualties

4. all of the above

Question 27. 27.  Midgley thinks that although we can understand or appreciate other societies, (Points : 1) 

1. We should never judge the values of other societies.

2. We must always respect the values of other societies.

3. We have the right to judge other societies.

4. We cannot understand them well enough to judge them.

Question 28. 28.  According to Tom Regan, which of the following should compel us to accept the equal rights of animals? (Points : 1) 

1. Sentiment – our feelings for the welfare of animals

2. Law – legal regulations requiring us to respect the rights of animals

3. Reason – this theory has the best reasons on its side

4. Religion – the laws of God mandate human compassion

Question 29. 29.  Nagel’s argument that hostility or aggression should be directed at its true object means that which of the following would probably not be permissible? (Points : 1) 

1. Torturing a prisoner to get the names of his confederates.

2. Attacking an enemy country’s agricultural system.

3. Bombing major cultural centers.

4. All of the above.

Question 30. 30.  According to Leon Kass, the drive to legalize euthanasia can be largely attributed to (Points : 1) 

1. the rise in a largely technical approach to healing.

2. an increase in our sympathy.

3. an increased respect for human dignity.

4. the secularization of modern society.

Question 31. 31.  What would best express Colonel Nicholson’s (Alec Guinness) view regarding what makes a soldier, as expressed in the The Bridge on the River Kwai clip? (Points : 1) 

1. The virtues of a good soldier are consistent no matter the circumstance.

2. A good solider only acts virtuously when it benefits himself and his country.

3. The good soldier regards the enemy as having less intrinsic worth than one’s own people.

4. All of the above.

Question 32. 32.  Glaukon thinks that deep in our hearts we all believe that (Points : 1) 

1. Injustice is more profitable than justice.

2. We will have a clearer conscience if we always stick to the laws of justice.

3. To be unjust is to be a fool.

4. Both B and C.

Question 33. 33.  Which of the following does not happen in the “Meet Your Meat” to animals with diseases or injuries on modern factory farms: (Points : 1) 

1. The meat is allowed to be “USDA pure”

2. They are killed for growing too slowly

3. They are generally given immediate veterinary attention

4. They are taken to slaughter anyway

Question 34. 34.  According to Mill, utilitarian morality holds that: (Points : 1) 

1. If each individual strives to maximize their own happiness, the happiness of all will follow.

2. Each individual is required to sacrifice their own individual happiness for the happiness of all.

3. With the right social arrangements and education, individuals can come to associate their own individual happiness with the happiness of all.

4. Neither the happiness of the individual nor the happiness of all is worth pursuing, since neither is attainable in this life. 

Question 35. 35.  Nagel argues that the atomic bomb attacks on Hiroshima and Nagasaki were just like what other kind of action, just on a larger scale? (Points : 1) 

1. Killing the wife and child of someone attacking you in order to distract him from his attack.

2. Bombing a munitions factory and killing some of the civilian workers inside.

3. Firing at an enemy soldier and hitting an innocent bystander with a stray bullet.

4. Bombing a convoy of enemy soldiers.

Question 36. 36.  In The Emperor’s Club, what best describes the teacher’s (Kevin Kline) response to his student’s (Emile Hirsch) admission of cheating?  (Points : 1) 

1. He hugged him and thanked him for being honest.

2. He threatened to turn him in and have him punished.

3. He challenged him to regard virtue and character as more important than success alone.

4. He reminded him that it is against school policy to cheat, and thus that he erred by breaking the school’s rules.

Question 37. 37.  Which of the following does not describe the ways that chickens and turkeys are treated on factory farms, according to the video “Meet Your Meat” (Points : 1) 

1. They are raised in their own excrement among corpses of other birds

2. Some are so crippled from unnatural growth that they are unable to move

3. They are given ample space to roam and to express their own natural behavior.

4. They are often beaten with metal rods, which is considered legal by the industry

Question 38. 38.  Peter Singer’s “basic principles of equality” applied to animals means: (Points : 1) 

1. Animals should be given all the same rights as human beings.

2. Animals are not entitled to not all the same rights but to an equal consideration of interests.

3. Animals should not be given the same moral consideration because they are do not have the same power to reason as humans.

4. Animals do not have rights unless they can demonstrate the same abilities as humans.

Question 39. 39.  What does Singer say about finding the basis for moral duties in the “intrinsic dignity” of humanity? (Points : 1) 

1. That God ordained humanity to be the top of the “great chain of being”

2. That mankind is the most important species because it is the most intelligent

3. That dolphins have actually been shown to be more intelligent than humans in many respects

4. That such fine phrases are a last resort for philosophers who cannot find a distinction that gives humans worth while denying it to all other species

Question 40. 40.  What is speciesism? (Points : 1) 

1. The view that all animals should be treated equally regardless of their abilities

2. The view that endangered species have the right to exist

3. Allowing the interests of one’s own species to override the greater interests of members of other species

4. Protecting endangered species from extinction regardless of economic costs

Question 41. 41.  Which of the following would be an expression of rule utilitarianism, rather than act utilitarianism? (Points : 1) 

1. “It’s okay to torture this person because it may save thousands of lives.”

2. “It’s immoral to torture this person because the pain it would cause him outweighs any potential benefits.”

3. “Even if torturing this person right now might be beneficial, the overall consequences of permitting torture would be harmful, and so we shouldn’t allow it in any circumstance.”

4. “We shouldn't torture this person because we wouldn’t want him torturing us.”

Question 42. 42.  If Midgley is correct, moral scepticism (Points : 1) 

1. Leads to inaction.

2. Leads to crude opinions.

3. Leads to immorality.

4. Rejects all criticism.

Question 43. 43.  Glaukon begins by claiming that “those who practice justice” do so (Points : 1) 

1. Because they know it is the right thing to do.

2. Because they are compelled by their conscience.

3. Because they are incapable of doing otherwise.

4. Because all of the parts of their character are harmoniously oriented toward the good.

Question 44. 44.  Glaukon seems to think that people are (Points : 1) 

1. Naturally benevolent

2. Naturally pious

3. Naturally just

4. Naturally egocentric

Question 45. 45.  Which of the following are questions in the Bechdel test? (Points : 1) 

1. Is there more than one female character?

2. Do they speak to each other?

3. When they speak to each other, do they talk about something other than a man?

4. all of the above

Question 46. 46.  In Gilligan’s example, the child named Amy focuses on this aspect of the Heinz dilemma (Points : 1) 

1. the logical nature of the problem

2. a utilitarian calculus that weighs the options

3. Kohlberg’s theory of moral development

4. the relationships involved in the dilemma

Question 47. 47.  The Ring of Gyges gave the shepherd who found it (Points : 1) 

1. Intelligence

2. Invincibility

3. Invisibility

4. Wisdom

Question 48. 48.  According to Midgely, moral isolationism leads to (Points : 1) 

1. Immorality

2. Moralizing

3. Immoralism

4. Moral skepticism

Question 49. 49.  In what way would Hill’s notion of “self-acceptance” correspond to Aristotle’s conception of eudaimonia? (Points : 1) 

1. They both are inherently selfish and contrary to virtue.

2. They both require the virtues of arrogance and pride.

3. Neither has anything to do with ethics.

4. They both involve acknowledging that we are the sorts of creatures we are.

Question 50. 50.  According to the scene from The Bridge on the River Kwai, what is the ultimate reason Colonel Nicholson (Alec Guinness) insists that the soldiers work hard to build the best bridge possible: (Points : 1) 

1. Because even in captivity, they know that God is watching them.

2. So that the British forces will be able to fight the Japanese more effectively.

3. Because the better the bridge, the more benefit they will receive and less punishment they will endure from their captors.

4. Because it is an expression of the strength and dignity of a soldier even in captivity.