Exclusively for Madam-Professor

Public officials at all levels of government are frequently criticized for making shortsighted decisions. Elected officials may be accused of looking forward only as far as the next election and of placing narrow, parochial interests above the general welfare. To what extent is such criticism justified? Do you see any solution? (250 words min)

Unlike several European countries, the United States does not have a full-fledged national planning body. Nonetheless, a number of institutions, such as the Council of Economic Advisors, do have important planning functions. What other institutions would you say contribute to planning at the national level? (250 words min)

APA formant and cite your reference.