Criminological Theory (6 edition) By Franklin P. Williams ||| and Marilyn D McShane

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Write a three page Review () on chapters 7 and 8. Your review may include all aspects of the learning objectives or some partial selected areas of the learning objectives below.  

Chapter 7:  Subculture Theories

Learning Objectives

7.1: Discuss what is meant by a subculture.

7.2: Describe Cohen’s view of gang behavior and how it forms.

7.3: Explain what Miller meant by lower-class focal concerns.

7.4:  Compare and contrast community opportunities as seen by Cloward and Ohlin

and how they contribute to gang activity.

7.5:  Discuss some of the programs designed to offset the negative influences of gangs

in inner cities.

Chapter 8: Labeling Theory

Learning Objectives

8.1: Explain what is meant by retrospective interpretation.

8.2: Describe labeling as both a conflict and a process theory.

8.3: Define the concept of master status and what it means for rehabilitation.

8.4: Distinguish between Lemert’s view of primary and secondary deviance.

8.5: Discuss the link between societal reaction and labeling.