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Memory Access Impact on Performance:
Assume that main memory accesses take 80 ns and that memory accesses are 42% of all instructions. The L1 cache has a miss rate of 9% and a hit time of 0.58 ns.

1.Assume that the L1 hit time determines the cycle time for the processor. What is the clock rate?

1._______

2.What is the Average Memory Access Time for the processor?

2.________

3.Assuming a base CPI of 1.0 without any memory stalls (once the pipeline is loaded), what is the total average CPI for the processor?

3. _______

We will consider the addition of an L2 cache to try to reduce the average CPI; on a miss, P1 will now first check L2 cache, and only if that is a miss, will then need a main memory access. The L2 miss rate is 85%, and L2 hit time is 4.88ns

4.What is the AMAT for the processor, with the inclusion of the L2 cache?

4._________

5. Assuming a base CPI of 1.0 without any memory stalls, and using the same instruction miss as part 1 of this question, what is the total CPI (for all instruction types) for P1 with the addition of an L2 cache?

5._________

Question #1: The cache for this problem has 16 words. You are going to evaluate the cache performance based on different mapping schemes, and different size blocks, to try to come up with the best mapping and block arrangement for this series of memory access calls.

Your mappings will be:
16 one-word blocks, Direct Mapping
16 one-word blocks, Fully Associative Mapping
4 4-word blocks, Direct Mapping
4 4-word blocks, Fully Associative Mapping
4-way Set-Associative, 16 one-word blocks

For each of the schemes,
1. Fill out the “top” table of “tags”
2. Show the placement of the block in the “bottom” table
3. Count the “hits” and “misses”
4. Compare the hit/miss ratios for the different mappings and block arrangements

If you were designing the cache, what do you think would have to most impact on the performance: larger block sizes, or different mapping schemes? Explain your reasoning.

Word Address	Word Bit Address	Direct 16 Tag	Direct 4 Tag	Fully Assoc. 16 Tag	Fully Assoc. 4
2	00000010
3	00000011
11	00001011
16	00010000
21	00010101
13	00001101
64	01000000
48	00110000
19	00010011
11	00001011
3	00000011
22	00010110
4	00000100
27	00011011
6	00000110
11	00001011

# hits : # misses _________ ________ _________ _________

CAT size in bits:

16 Blocks	Direct Map 1word blocks	Associative 1word blocks	4 Blocks	Direct Map 4-word block	Associative 4-word block
0 (0000)			0 (00)
1 (0001)
2 (0010)
3 (0011)
4 (0100)			1 (01)
5 (0101)
6 (0110)
7 (0111)
8 (1000)			2 (10)
9 (1001)
10 (1010)
11 (1011)
12 (1100)			3 (11)
13 (1101)
14 (1110)
15 (1111)

4-way Set Associative with 1-word blocks

Word Address	Word Bit Address	4 way set Tag
2	00000010
3	00000011
11	00001011
16	00010000
21	00010101
13	00001101
64	01000000
48	00110000
19	00010011
11	00001011
3	00000011
22	00010110
4	00000100
27	00011011
6	00000110
11	00001011