Answers must be 200-300 words.

1. Organizations exist because of their ability to create value and acceptable outcomes for stakeholders. Describe and explain how organizations create value and influence stakeholders? What is the role of entrepreneurship in this process? 

2. What is the relationship among organizational theory, design, change, and organizational structure and culture? 

3. Transaction cost theory argues that the goal of organizations is to minimize the costs of exchanging resources in the environment and the costs of managing exchanges inside the organization. What do organizations consider when trying to choose interorganizational strategies in order to minimize transaction costs and bureaucratic costs? 

4. Why does differentiation occur in an organization? Distinguish between vertical and horizontal differentiation. 

5. Several factors and behaviors can shape an organization hierarchy. How do centralization, standardization, and horizontal differentiation affect the shape of the organization? In what ways can the informal organization and the norms and values of its culture affect the shape of an organization? 

6. Why is differentiation necessary to build a formal organizational structure? Is differentiation limited to large organizations? How is the concept of span of control related to both integration and differentiation? 

7. As organizations grow and differentiate, problems can arise with a functional structure. Describe and explain the problems that may arise and how organizations may respond. 

8. Should an organization always adopt a broad stance on social responsibility? Explain how you agree or disagree with this question and why you have this perspective. 

9. Why is technical complexity greatest with continuous-process technology? How does technical complexity affect organizational structure? 

10. Describe and explain how technology complexity affects organizational structure? What role does technology in the form of knowledge play in the production of the organization’s goods and services? 

11. Why do organizations grow? What types of major crisis is an organization likely to encounter as it grows? 

12. Describe and explain how evolutionary change and revolutionary change differ. What are examples of each? 

13. How do cognitive biases affect organizational learning and the quality of decision making? What can be accomplished to reduce the negative impact? 

14. What is the relationship between quantum and incremental technological change? Why are these types of change important to organizations? 

15. How can the design of the organization’s structure and culture give some subunits more power than others? 

16. Explain how a subunit within an organization can acquire power or influence decision making in their favor.