413801RR,413802RR,413803RR

413801RR

1. According to Erikson, a child's search for independence represents the _______ stage of development.

A. industry versus inferiority

B. mistrust versus trust

C. initiative versus guilt

D. autonomy versus shame and doubt

2. The theory of _______ suggests that development occurs in distinct, qualitatively different stages.

A. discontinuous change

B. critical change

C. continuous change

D. sensitive periods

3. Charles Darwin is considered a pioneer in the study of child development because he

A. studied children at play.

B. maintained a "baby biography" that recorded his son's first year of development.

C. kept a detailed record of his wife's pregnancies.

D. compared animal and human behavior in infancy.

4. Which of the following topical areas of child development would address questions about a child's earliest memories?

A. Physical development

B. Social development

C. Cognitive development

D. Ethical development

5. _______ research involves living as a participant for an extended period in another culture.

A. Survey

B. Ethnographic

C. Quantitative

D. Case study

6. Selena maintains that children have an innate, inherited curiosity. If Selena is an educator who wishes to apply her ideas to teaching methods, she has primarily involved herself in the _______ issue.

A. nature-nurture

B. active-passive

C. behavioral-cognitive

D. continuity-discontinuity

7. The idea of using _______ as a means of increasing the probability that a certain behavior will be repeated is a principle of behavior modification.

A. conditioning

B. reinforcement

C. operation

D. displacement

8. The seventeenth-century philosopher John Locke speculated that a child was a

A. tabula rasa.

B. miniature adult.

C. noble savage.

D. natural servant.

9. _______ theory is an information-processing perspective that considers cognition to be made up of different types of individual skills.

A. Neo-Piagetian

B. Ethological

C. Post-Freudian

D. Skinnerian

10. The development of children who lived in Hawaii during the attack on Pearl Harbor will reflect a normative _______ influence.

A. event-related

B. history-graded

C. age-graded

D. sociocultural related

11. If you're in search of the Freudian id, you'll need to search the

A. unconscious.

B. preconscious.

C. conscious awareness.

D. the preconscious or the unconscious.

12. The mathematical score representing the strength and direction of the relationship between two factors

in a study is known as a/an

A. correlation coefficient.

B. variable-related influence.

C. quantitative confirmation.

D. operant condition.

13. From a bioecological perspective of development, schools, places of worship, and local government

agencies and policies are considered part of a person's

A. macrosystem.

B. microsystem.

C. exosystem.

D. mesosystem.

14. Dr. Pomerantz has been tracing the cognitive development of a group of children over 10 years. You should most accurately say that Dr. Pomerantz is engaged in a ________ study.

A. longitudinal

B. latitudinal

C. cross-sectional

D. correlative

15. _______ learning theory emphasizes the idea that a good part of learning occurs through observing the behavior of a model.

A. Behaviorist

B. Sociocultural

C. Psychodynamic

D. Social-cognitive

16. The concept of reciprocal transaction is a feature of Lev Vygotsky's _______ theory.

A. sociocultural

B. behavioral genetics

C. cognitive neuroscientific

D. psychosexual

17. The extent to which behavior can be modified during the developmental process is referred to as

A. periodicity.

B. sensitivity.

C. plasticity.

D. maturation.

18. A group of people born at about the same time and place are often referred to as a

A. subculture.

B. cohort.

C. subset.

D. culture.

19. As an advocate of the sociocultural perspective, you should be most interested in the

A. role of consciousness in child development.

B. impact of being African American on your learning abilities.

C. role of the unconscious in learning.

D. interplay of genetic inheritance and environment.

20. Over a three week period, as James watches and records the social interactions of preschool children in their classroom, he notices that the children change their behavior over the period of study. This effect is one drawback of

A. naturalistic observation.

B. behavior modification.

C. case study.

D. the sociocultural perspective.

413802RR

1. Which of the following statements is the simplest way to describe anoxia to someone who wants to understand it?

A. It's a breathing disorder that's likely to affect high-birth-weight infants.

B. It's a restriction of oxygen that sometimes occurs in infants during delivery.

C. It's a breathing disorder mothers sometimes develop during pregnancy.

D. It's a cluster of breathing problems that often affects premature infants.

2. Betty's cervix is nearly fully dilated and contractions are strong. Nurse Lee explains to Betty's husband that his wife is

A. in the third stage.

B. accommodating.

C. adapting.

D. in transition.

3. According to your textbook, monozygotic twins

A. share 50 percent of their genetic material.

B. are genetically identical.

C. are formed from two eggs but fertilized by the same sperm.

D. are as different as typical siblings are.

4. Which of the following statements concerning teratogens is true?

A. Hormones are healthful teratogens in any quantity at during critical stages of prenatal development.

B. Teratogens include only substances that a mother's body produces.

C. Exposure to particular teratogens is generally most harmful during rapid periods of prenatal development.

D. Teratogens are only those substances that a mother ingests.

5. What does the "g" in the Apgar scale represent?

A. Grasping

B. Grimace

C. Gas

D. Grip

6. According to your textbook, an identical twin has a _______ percent chance of developing schizophrenia if the other twin develops the disorder.

A. 100

B. 60

C. 50

D. 40

7. Children whose mothers took diethylstilbestrol during pregnancy

A. are more likely to develop certain types of cancer late in life.

B. show serious mental deficits by age five.

C. are more likely to engage in aggressive behavior during childhood.

D. have higher infertility rates when grown.

8. Suppose T represents a dominant genetic trait for tallness, and t represents a recessive genetic trait for tallness. If the four children John and Joanne have, respectively, alleles TT, tT, Tt, and tt, how many of these children will be tall?

A. 2

B. 4

C. 3

D. 1

9. Humans have about _______ genes.

A. 25,000

B. 12,000

C. 100,000

D. 46

10. Between 8 and 24 weeks after conception, high levels of a hormone known as _______ are produced in male fetuses, affecting the size of brain cells and the growth of neural connections.

A. estrogen

B. myelin

C. oxytocin

D. androgen

11. If both parents are carriers of PKU,

A. none of the children will develop the disorder.

B. all of their children will develop the disorder.

C. one child out of four will develop the disorder.

D. their daughters are more likely to develop the disorder than their sons are.

12. Newborns presented with a novel stimulus may demonstrate a/an _______ response, becoming quiet and attentive.

A. blinking

B. orienting

C. operant conditioning

D. classical conditioning

13. A pregnant mother may be wise to avoid all alcohol, since even moderate drinking may result in

A. Huntington's disease.

B. FAE.

C. dystonia.

D. CVS.

14. The rudiments of the placenta and umbilical cord are developed during

A. the embryonic stage.

B. the germinal stage.

C. fertilization.

D. the fetal stage.

15. Which of the following mothers has the greatest chance of birthing a baby with birth defects due to contracting rubella during pregnancy?

A. Any woman is equally at risk at any point after conception up until term

B. A woman who has the illness during the first month of pregnancy

C. A woman who contracts the disease at or around the time of birth

D. A woman who contracts the disease during the second trimester

16. An allele that contains similar genes from both parent is referred to as

A. homozygous.

B. polygenic.

C. monozygotic.

D. heterozygous.

17. FBS, a prenatal test through which a small amount of blood is collected from the umbilical cord can be used to

A. detect neural tube defects.

B. assess chromosome abnormalities.

C. measure enzyme levels in the fetus.

D. assess some degree of mental retardation.

18. Braxton-Hicks contractions are also referred to as

A. false labor contractions.

B. the second stage of labor.

C. postpartum contractions.

D. the third stage of labor.

19. Chromosomes are organized into _______ pairs.

A. 24

B. 46

C. 26

D. 23

20. Marshall has been diagnosed with Down syndrome. You realize that Marshall's condition is related to

A. genetic errors in the twenty-fourth pair of chromosomes.

B. alcohol abuse by the father.

C. abnormalities of the twenty-first pair of chromosomes.

D. sex-linked chromosomal abnormalities.

413803RR

1. The first words in children's vocabularies typically refer to

A. actions.

B. states.

C. objects.

D. events.

2. Piaget's cognitive developmental theories have been challenged. In particular, researchers have found

A. persistent and clear boundaries between developmental stages.

B. persistent incompetence to defer imitation.

C. earlier-than-expected competence to grasp object permanence.

D. earlier-than-expected efforts to assert independence from secure attachments.

3. When an infant repeats a behavior or action experimentally to observe the consequences of that action, you should infer that the

A. infant is demonstrating tertiary circular reactions.

B. infant is beginning to coordinate simple reflexes into integrated activities.

C. stimulation provided by the action is associated with a basic drive.

D. child is caught up in a simple reflex.

4. An infant's ________ reflex is activated when support for the neck and head is suddenly removed.

A. rooting

B. Babinksi

C. startle

D. Moro

5. If you were a proponent of Carroll Izard's theory of emotional development, you would likely assert that

A. an infant's emotional development is dependent on histories of attachment.

B. an infant's basic emotion is diffuse excitement.

C. infant emotions can't be identified with any accuracy before six months.

D. at birth, infants display discrete emotional states of interest, distress, and disgust.

6. While uttering a short sentence, two-year-old Jamie leaves out words that aren't critical to the message he is trying to convey. This type of expression is referred to as

A. telegraphic speech.

B. holographic speech.

C. underextension.

D. overextension.

7. At 18 months, Kareem is listless, apathetic, and although he has been receiving a nutritionally rich diet, has stopped growing. It would seem most likely that Kareem may

A. suffer from nonorganic failure to thrive.

B. have a protein deficiency.

C. suffer from kwashiorkor.

D. suffer from marasmus.

8. During the first two years of life, an infant's brain ________ its weight at birth.

A. quadruples

B. increases one and a half times

C. triples

D. doubles

9. Which of the following procedures would you use to assess an infant's visual preferences?

A. You can assess the degree of peripheral vision to approximate visual preference.

B. It isn't possible to assess visual preferences in infancy.

C. You can draw conclusions about the baby's facial expressions while looking at different objects.

D. You can observe the reflections of stimuli in the infant's eyes.

10. When you detect secure attachment in a child, you're also likely to find

A. less tolerance toward others.

B. ambivalence toward non-caregivers.

C. difficulty forming attachments with strangers later in life.

D. a willingness to explore independently while the primary caregiver is present.

11. As infants grow, simple skills develop independently but are later integrated into more complex skills, a

process described as the

A. proximodistal principle.

B. cephalocaudal principle.

C. principle of the independence of systems.

D. principle of hierarchical integration.

12. If you want to defend the value of establishing a program for measuring infant intelligence, such as the Bayley Scales or Gesell's developmental quotient, you would probably maintain that

A. relying on measurement tests of fine motor skills alone is a bad predictor of those same skills in later childhood.

B. screening allows us to identify infants who are substantially behind their peers and need special attention.

C. infant intelligence scores are reliable predictors of intelligence in later childhood.

D. early testing allows us to make overall developmental predictions.

13. At what age do infants typically achieve binocular vision?

A. 6 months

B. 14 weeks

C. 26 weeks

D. 3 months

14. Regarding gender differences in development, one can most accurately say that

A. boys tend to crawl and walk earlier than girls do.

B. fathers are more likely to encourage their daughters to engage in rough-and-tumble play.

C. girls tend to be fussier and cry more than boys.

D. infants are able to distinguish between males and females by about the age of one year.

15. _______, the intentional search of information about others' feelings, begins to manifest at about the age of eight or nine months.

A. Multimodal perception

B. Deferred imitation

C. Social referencing

D. Empathy

16. Serena picks up a rattle and shakes it in different ways to see how the sound changes. According to Piaget, we can assume Serena is in the _______ substage of sensorimotor development.

A. secondary circular

B. tertiary circular

C. simple reflex

D. primary circular

17. According to Bowlby, infant attachments is based on

A. imprinting.

B. oral satisfaction.

C. comfort contact.

D. safety and security.

18. Which of the following is considered one of the most highly developed sensory systems in a newborn?

A. Smell

B. Taste

C. Touch

D. Vision

19. Having studied attachment patterns of a number of children, you determine that the children who are least disturbed by a mother's departure are manifesting a/an _______ attachment.

A. ambivalent

End of exam

B. secure

C. avoidant

D. insecure

20. The degree to which the brain is susceptible to modification through experience is known as

A. plasticity.

B. neurotransmission.

C. localization.

D. sensitivity.