Discussion board pos, READ OTCs and Psychotherapeutic Drugs.
Psychotropics (“moving closer to a normal state”) trop – to turn toward
Drugs for treating schizophrenia and Mood Disorders
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THE BIOMEDICAL MODEL OF MENTAL ILLNESS
Mental disorders are caused by abnormal biochemical processes in the brain.
Genetic evidence for the biomedical model
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SYMPTOMS OF SCHIZOPHRENIA
Schizophrenic patients are “split off” or “broken off” from a firm sense of reality.
positive symptoms of schizophrenia:
delusional thinking,
hallucinations (usually auditory),
dulled emotions,
inappropriate verbal expressions,
odd body postures (catatonia).
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ANTIPSYCHOTIC DRUG TREATMENT
First-generation antipsychotic drugs:
Thorazine, Haldol, Mellaril, Stelazine
Second-generation antipsychotic drugs:
Clozaril, Zyprexa, Risperdal
Third-generation antipsychotic drugs:
Abilify
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SIDE EFFECTS OF ANTIPSYCHOTIC DRUGS
First-generation drugs: Parkinson-like symptoms, tardive dyskinesia
Clozaril: Agranulocytosis in 1-2 percent of patients
Zyprexa and Risperdal: Significant weight gain and development of diabetes, dementia among elderly patients
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ANTIPSYCHOTIC DRUGS AND THE BRAIN
In general, antipsychotic drugs are altering the level of stimulation of dopamine-sensitive receptors in the brain.
Subtypes of dopamine-sensitive receptors are differentially affected by various antipsychotic drugs.
Third-generation antipsychotic drugs stabilize (modulate) the level of D2 receptors
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Psychiatrists, Children and Drug Industry’s Role
“When Anya Bailey developed an eating disorder after her 12th birthday, her mother took her to a psychiatrist at the University of Minnesota who prescribed a powerful antipsychotic drug called Risperdal.”
By GARDINER HARRIS, BENEDICT CAREY and JANET ROBERTS
Published: May 10, 2007
http://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/10/health/10psyche.html?fta=y
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“In 2006, the Food and Drug Administration received reports of at least 29 children dying and at least 165 more suffering serious side effects in which an antipsychotic was listed as the “primary suspect.” That was a substantial jump from 2000, when there were at least 10 deaths and 85 serious side effects among children linked to the drugs. Since reporting of bad drug effects is mostly voluntary, these numbers likely represent a fraction of the toll.”
http://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/10/health/10psyche.html?pagewanted=4&fta=y
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Dr. Derek H. Suite, a psychiatrist in the Bronx, says he sees many children on antipsychotic drugs who do not need them.
Poor Children Likelier to Get Antipsychotics
Published: December 11, 2009
http://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/12/health/12medicaid.html?em
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ANTIDEPRESSANT DRUGS
First-generation antidepressant drugs:
MAO-inhibitors (Nardil, Parnate), tricyclic drugs (Tofranil, Elavil)
Second-generation antidepressant drugs:
SSRIs (Prozac, Celexa, Paxil, Zoloft)
Third-generation antidepressant drugs:
Cymbalta, Remeron, Effexor
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ANTIDEPRESSANTS AND NEUROTRANSMITTERS
MAO-inhibitors raise functioning levels of norepinephrine and serotonin.
SSRIs raise functioning levels of serotonin.
Third-generation antidepressants raise functioning levels of norepinephrine and serotonin.
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DRUGS FOR OTHER TYPES OF MENTAL DISORDERS
Mania and bipolar disorders: Lithium, Depakote, Symbyax, Abilify
Autism: Risperdal
Mild depression: St. John’s wort
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ISSUES IN MENTAL HEALTH TREATMENT
Social effects of deinstitutionalization
Psychiatric drugs and civil liberties
Impact of health insurance coverage policy
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