Speech homework, Only people with English as 1st language!!!!! No second language accepted and with good grammar skills

The Motivated Sequence

We are now ready to consider how the logical sequence of points within a speech can be adapted to the audience so that the proper response may be secured from it… We must learn to organize the speech as a whole so that its points will combine, both logically and psychologically, to achieve its purpose with the audience… The Speech must be built with the specific audience always in mind, and the structure of the speech must conform to the thinking process of the listener.

1. The Attention Step:

Gaining attention is your main task… but you must gain favorable attention and direct it toward the main ideas in your speech… In short, a good beginning should gain attention, gain goodwill and respect, and lead into the subject… There are eight methods by which these results can be obtained… If the factors of attention are adequately used in applying them.

1. Reference to the Subject of Problem: If the audience has a vital interest in the problem or subject…state it and plunge into the first main point.

2. Reference to the occasion: Speeches which are called forth by the nature of the occasion such as anniversaries, dedication, convention, special events.

3. Personal Greeting: A word from the speaker serves as a starting point, especially when the speaker has prestige… be modest and sincere.

4. Rhetorical Question: Audience is impelled to answer in their own minds.

5. Startling Statement: Shock technique… jars attention of audience into life either by a statement of startling fact, or unexpected phrasing or your opinion.

6. Quotation: Which aptly states the viewpoint of the speaker, it must be unusual and to the point.

7. Humorous Anecdote: Funny story or experience, must be in good taste and to the point.

8. Illustration: Actual incidents taken from real life, stories obtained from literature, and hypothetical illustrations…story must be interesting and be connected to the main idea (most effective method).

(Often two or more are combine…Be sure your attention step leads naturally into the next step of the speech.)

II. The Need Step:

There are three kinds of need which may be shown, depending upon whether the purpose of the speech is: (These first two types of need step are used in persuasive speeches: those whose general end is to inspire, convince or actuate.)

1. To urge change A definite problem must be shown to exist… make audience dissatisfied with the condition in order to convince that something must be done, felt or decided.

2. To demand the preservation of the status quo After the satisfaction of the listeners with existing conditions or beliefs has been heightened, they must be shown the danger which threatens these conditions unless “something is done” to avert that danger.

3. To inform Here the audience must be made to feel the limited scope of their knowledge in the subject, and to realize the importance to them of information on that subject.

Although the ideas and points of view expressed in these three types must vary with the difference in the purpose of the speech, the structural development will be approximately the same. The technique of development is a fourfold one.

1. Statement: a definite, concise statement of the nature of the problem.

2. Illustration: one or more detailed examples illustrating it.

3. Ramification: and enumeration of additional examples, statistical data, testimony, and other forms of support to extent necessary.

4. Pointing: showing the direct relation of the need to the people you are addressing… Make them see that the problems affect them personally.

Method of development in outline form:

1. Statement: state the need

a. Point out what is wrong with the present conditions, or

b. Point out the danger which threaten the continuance of the present good conditions, or

c. Point out the importance of the subject and the need to be better informed about it.

2. Illustration: Tell of one or more incidents to illustrate the need.

3. Ramification: Employ as many of the forms of support as are required to make the need convincing and impressive.

4. Pointing: Show its importance to your audience.

(Most need steps, if taken by themselves, are one-point speeches; they point out the one thing…need. Combined with similar units in each in each of the other steps, this point becomes a part of the larger unit, the complete structure… Develop your need step, therefore, just as you would a one-point speech… Use the didactic method or the method of implication, depending upon the attitude of the audience toward your purpose.)

Although they are usually desirable, you will not always have to use all four items in the development of the need step. The “statement” and the “pointing” should always be made, but the amount of illustration and ramification will depend upon the amount of detail required to impress a particular need on the audience. The development of this part of your speech is important; often you will find this step the most important because in it your subject is definitely related to the needs of your audience.

III. The Satisfaction Step

The satisfaction step has the purpose of getting the audience to agree that the belief or action you propose is the correct one, or of getting them to understand the subject you have chosen to explain.

1. In persuasive speeches: When the purpose of the speech is to stimulate convince, or actuate, five items may be involved in development of the satisfaction step. Not all of these items are used every time.

a. Statement: Briefly state the attitude, beliefs, or action you propose.

b. Explanation: Explain it briefly.

c. Theoretical demonstration: Show logically how it will meet the need.

d. Practical experience: Give examples from practical experience to show its soundness. Supplement these examples with facts, figures, and the testimony of experts.

e. Meeting objections: Forestall opposition by showing how your proposal overcomes any objections which may be raised.

2. In speeches to inform: When the purpose of your speech is primarily to give the audience a clear understanding of some subject, the satisfaction step will contain the bulk of your speech. In it will be included the information the necessity for which was pointed out in the need step.

The development of this satisfaction step usually involves:

a. The initial summary which consists of a brief preview of the information you expect to present. This preview usually consists of an enumeration of the main points around which you expect to group your facts.

b. Next the Detailed information is presented, the main points being considered in turn, and the detailed facts and explanation related to them being grouped around them in orderly fashion. Some consistent order of discussion such as the time order, space order, etc., ought to be used.

c. The final summary consists of a recapitulation of the main points discussed , with the inclusion of whatever important conclusions you have made clear in relation to them. The final summary is similar to the initial summary in structure, but is usually not quite so brief.

Thus the development of the satisfaction step as used in the informative speech can be outlined as follows:

1. Initial Summary: Briefly state in advance the main points you intend to cover.

2. Final summary: Restate the main points presented together with any important conclusions developed.

IV. The Visualization Step:

The visualization step will ordinarily be used only in persuasive speeches. Speeches having the object of informing or entertaining alone achieve their purpose before they go this far in the motivated sequence…The following relate only to speech whose end is to stimulate, to convince, or to actuate.

The function of this step is to intensify desire. Its purpose is to make the audience really want to see the belief accepted by everyone or to see the proposal adopted and carried out. The visualization step should project the audience into the future so that they are emotionally impressed with an image of future so that they are emotionally impressed with an image of future conditions. The imaginary projection must be vivid…this can be done in three ways: by projecting a picture of the future that is positive; or one that is negative, or one that contrasts the two.

1. The positive method: This consists of describing conditions as they will be in the future if the solution you propose is carried out. Don’t abstract about this. Select some situation which you are quite sure will arise in the future. Then picture your audience in that situation actually enjoying the safety, pleasure, pride, etc., which your proposal will have produced. Repeat your solution step in terms of the audience’s future.

2. The negative method: This consists of describing conditions as they will be in the future if the solution you propose is not carried out.

3. The method of contrast: In a combination of the two preceding methods the negative method is used first, showing the bad effects of failure to adopt your proposal…then the positive method follows, showing the good results of adopting it.

WHICHEVER OF THESE METHODS YOU USE, THE IMPORTANT THING TO REMEMBER IS THAT THE VISUALIZATION STEP MUST STAND THE TEST OF REALITY. THE CONDITIONS YOU PICTURE MUST BE AT LEAST PROBABLE. YOU MUST MAKE THE AUDIENCE VIRTUALLY PUT THEMSELVES IN THE PICTURE. CONCENTRATE THE EFFECT OF THE STRONGEST MOTIVE APPEALS WHICH YOU HAVE USED IN THE EARLIER PARTS OF THE SPEECH. USE VIVID IMGERY: MAKE THE AUDIENCE SEE, HEAR, FEEL, TASTE, AND SMELL. THE MORE VIVIDLY REAL YOU MAKE THE PROJECTED SITUATION SEEM, THE STRONGER WILL BE THE REACTION OF THE AUDIENCE.

V. The Action Step

This occurs in persuasive speeches. Its function is to translate the desire created in the visualization step into a definitely fixed attitude or belief, or to galvanize it into overt action.

The principle function of any method used to and in a speech is to focus the thought and feeling of the audience on the central theme developed in the speech. In addition, a good ending should leave the audience in the proper mood, and finally the end of the speech should convey a sense of completeness and finality. Bring the central theme into sharp focus, create the proper mood, and close with decisiveness.

The following are methods used to end speeches:

1. Challenge or appeal: This method is definite and more or less emphatic appeal to take a specific course of action or feel or believe in some definite way. Such an appeal should be short and compelling and should contain within it a suggestion of the principal reason presented in the speech for doing as you propose.

2. Summary: The summary is a short recapitulation of the main points in your speech together with whatever important conclusion you have drawn from them it impresses ideas upon the memory of the audience. The summary ending is equally useful when your purpose is to influence belief of action. Then the recapitulation of main points is followed by a definite suggestion or belief or the course of action the audience is to adopt.

3. Quotation: The quotation is a direct statement made by someone else about the central idea of the speech which suggests the attitude or action you want taken.

4. Illustration: You may close with a telling incident or story which contains the kernel of the idea or suggests the action you wish the audience to accept.

5. Inducement: Is achieved at the end of a speech by the quick accumulation of a few additional reasons for taking the action proposed. It is more useful in speech for sales purposes.

6. Personal intention: This is a statement of your own intention to take the course of action recommended…particularly valuable when your own prestige with the audience is high.