Need someone to write an 8 page paper on the genetic connection of hypertension to cardiovascular disease in african americans?

I. Introduction

A. Thesis: While some risk factors may not be manageable such as a person’s genetic make-up and or age, managing most factors of hypertension will lower the risk of damaging effects to the heart in the African American population.

II. Body

A. What is cardiovascular disease and hypertension?

1. Cardiovascular disease is the unhealthy state of the heart, arteries, capillaries, and veins (Mandal, 2013).

a) Types of cardiovascular disease include coronary heart disease (CHD), heart failure, and stroke (NYDOH, 2012).

2. Hypertension is the abnormal measurement of force from blood up against the blood vessel walls (AHA, 2014).

a) Types of hypertension include primary and secondary hypertension (AHA, 2014).

B. Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death nationwide in both men and woman, but studies have shown the rates of it affecting African Americans to be significantly higher (CDC, 2014).

1. Approximately 44% of African American men and 48% of African American women in the US has cardiovascular disease (CDC, 2014).

2. African Americans carry an abnormal gene passed down from their African ancestors that causes a sensitivity to sodium increasing blood pressure (Fuchs, 2011; Zuhlke, Mirabel, & Marijon, 2013)

3. A lower socioeconomic status contributes to a 50% greater risk of developing hypertension and cardiovascular disease (Clark & Obinnaya, 1995).

C. Death is the prognosis if left unchecked or if prevention methods are not utilized.

1. Serious illness, disability, depression, and other decreased quality of life factors to follow a hypertension or cardiovascular disease prognosis (Van Camp, 2014).

2. More than 50% of the diagnosed population has poor medication adherence leading to increased morbidity (Baroletti & Dellorfano, 2010).

3. The most effective prevention method is developing a healthy lifestyle (Halbert et al., 2010; Van Camp, 2014)

a) Limiting tobacco and alcohol use (Halbert et al., 2010; Van Camp, 2014)

b) Healthy diet and adequate nutrition (Halbert et al., 2010; Van Camp, 2014)

c) Regular exercise (Halbert et al., 2010; Van Camp, 2014)

III. Summary/Conclusion

References

American Heart Association. (2014). High Blood Pressure. Retrieved October 2, 2015, from http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/Conditions/HighBloodPressure/AboutHighBloodPres sure/What-is-High-Blood-Pressure_UCM_301759_Article.jsp

Baroletti, S., & Dellorfano, H. (2010). Medication Adherence in Cardiovascular Disease. Circulation, (121), 1455-1458. Retrieved September 18, 2015, from http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/121/12/1455.full

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2014). Heart Disease. Retrieved September 24, 2015, from http://www.cdc.gov/heartdisease/

Clark, L., & Obinnaya, E. (1995). Coronary heart disease in African Americans: primary and secondary prevention. Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine, 62(5), 285-292. Retrieved October 2, 2015, from http://www.ccjm.org/content/62/5/285.full.pdf

Fuchs, F. D. (2011). Why Do Black Americans Have Higher Prevalence of Hypertension?: An Enigma Still Unsolved. Hypertension, 57(3), 379-380. Retrieved September 24, 2015, from http://hyper.ahajournals.org/content/57/3/379.full

Halbert, C. H., Bellamy, S., Bowman, M., Briggs, Delmoor, E., Purnell, J.…Kumanyika, S. (2010). Effects of integrated risk counseling for cancer and cardiovascular disease in African Americans. Journal of the National Medical Association, 102(5), 396-402. Retrieved September 18, 2015, from http://search.proquest.com/docview/214033229?accountid=28844

Mandal, A. (2013, May 30). What is Cardiovascular Disease?. News Medical. Retrieved September 18, 2015, from http://www.news-medical.net/health/What-is-Cardiovascular- Disease.aspx

New York Department of Health. (2012). Cardiovascular Disease. Retrieved October 2, 2015, from https://www.health.ny.gov/diseases/cardiovascular/heart_disease/types_of_cv.htm

Van Camp, G. (2014). Cardiovascular disease prevention. Acta Clinica Belgica, 69(6), 407-11. Retrieved September 24, 2015, from http://search.proquest.com/docview/1636474913?accountid=28844

Zühlke, L., Mirabel, M., & Marijon, E. (2013). Congenital heart disease and rheumatic heart disease in Africa: recent advances and current priorities. Heart, 99(21), 1554–1561. Retrieved October 2, 2015, from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3812860/